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\n\u3000\u3000\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u5e94\u5f53\u88ab\u9650\u5b9a\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u8c61\u65e0\u8457\u548c\u4e16\u4eb2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5417\uff1f\u7136\u800c\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff1f\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ece\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u4e89\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f52\u4e8e\u65e0\u8457\u540d\u4e0b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6240\u8457\uff1f\u6c49\u4f20\u548c\u85cf\u4f20\u4f20\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e66\u76ee\u3002\u54ea\u4e9b\u8457\u4f5c\u5e94\u8be5\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4ed6\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u5e94\u8be5\u5f52\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u5bfc\u5e08\u2500\u2500\u5f25\u52d2\uff1f\u6839\u636e\u8bfb\u5230\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u5f25\u52d2\u662f\u5c45\u4e8e\u515c\u7387\u5929\u7684\u83e9\u8428\uff1f\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u4eba\u95f4\u7684\u5bfc\u5e08\uff1f\u662f\u65e0\u8457\u60f3\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u865a\u6784\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u65e0\u8457\u4e3a\u786e\u7acb\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u5a01\u6027\u800c\u505a\u7684\u72e1\u733e\u7684\u6bd4\u9644\uff1f\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u7cbe\u529b\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u533a\u5206\u65e0\u8457\u548c\u5f25\u52d2\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u6587\u98ce\u3001\u672f\u8bed\u505a\u4e86\u7ec6\u5bc6\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u4eba\u601d\u8003\u65e0\u8457\u548c\u4e16\u4eb2\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u6ee1\u610f\u5730\u9274\u522b\u54ea\u4e9b\u771f\u6b63\u662f\u65e0\u8457\u4e0e\u4e16\u4eb2\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u4e0a\u90fd\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u522b\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u3002\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u9677\u4e8e\u4e16\u4eb2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u4e24\u4e2a\u7684\u51a5\u60f3\u3002\uff08\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\uff01\u5f53\u7136\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002\uff09
\n\u3000\u3000\u5728\u65e0\u8457\u548c\u4e16\u4eb2\u8fd9\u4e00\u5bf9\u540c\u7236\u5f02\u6bcd\u5144\u5f1f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8c01\u8fd8\u5e94\u5217\u5728\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u6807\u9898\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff1f\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u4e24\u5144\u5f1f\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u8c61\u5b89\u60e0\u548c\u62a4\u6cd5\u5417\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u504f\u79bb\u539f\u8457\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u539f\u8457\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5417\uff1f\u8c01\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u91cc\u9762\uff1f\u771f\u8c1b\u6216\u7384\u5958\u8bd1\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4e0e\u65e0\u8457\u548c\u4e16\u4eb2\u539f\u8457\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u504f\u79bb\u4e86\u539f\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u628a\u63e1\u7384\u5958\u548c\u771f\u8c1b\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff1f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u90fd\u540c\u610f\u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6240\u6709\u540d\u5b57\u65e0\u7591\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff09\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6362\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u5728\u8d28\u95ee\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u4e0e\u975e\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e4b\u524d\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u7a0d\u540e\u518d\u8bba\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u9996\u5148\u8981\u95ee\uff1a\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u5185\u90e8\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u6709\u591a\u5927\uff1f\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u552f\u8bc6\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u4e89\u8bae\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u533a\u5206\u65e0\u8457\u548c\u4e16\u4eb2\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u5b89\u60e0\u548c\u62a4\u6cd5\u6709\u4f55\u533a\u522b\uff1f\u5b89\u60e0\u548c\u62a4\u6cd5\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u533a\u522b\uff1f\u771f\u8c1b\u4e0e\u7384\u5958\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7c7b\u578b\u6709\u4f55\u6b67\u4e49\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u521b\u7acb\u8005\u6709\u4f55\u533a\u522b\uff1f6\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u83e9\u63d0\u6d41\u652f\u548c\u52d2\u90a3\u6469\u63d0\u5728\u7ffb\u8bd1\u300a\u5341\u5730\u7ecf\u8bba\u300b\u65f6\u6709\u4f55\u4e89\u8bba\uff1f\u5047\u5982\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u7410\u788e\u548c\u6666\u6da9\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u4e0b\u533a\u522b\u6e05\u8fa9\u4e0e\u6708\u79f0\u5bf9\u9f99\u6811\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u5bf920\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e2d\u89c2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u4f55\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u4ee5\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u89c2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8fdb\u5165\u81ea\u7eed\u6d3e\u548c\u5e94\u6210\u6d3e\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u522b\u65e0\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u6c89\u6e4e\u4e8e\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u89c2\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u6df1\u53d7\u897f\u85cf\u6587\u732e\u7f16\u7be1\u8005\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u8def\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e89\u8bba\u662f\u897f\u85cf\u4e2d\u89c2\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4fdd\u6301\u548c\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u8fc4\u4eca\u5c1a\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u6210\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4e89\u8fa9\uff0c\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6e90\u4e8e\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff1a\u83e9\u63d0\u6d41\u652f\u548c\u52d2\u90a3\u6469\u63d0\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u5960\u5b9a\u4e866\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u57fa\u8c03\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u732e\u7f16\u7be1\u8005\u4e0d\u7ecf\u610f\u5730\u5c06\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5317\u65b9\u5730\u8bba\u5b97\u548c\u5357\u65b9\u6444\u8bba\u5b97\u4e4b\u95f4\u6559\u4e49\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u7b80\u5355\u5316\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u3002\u5728\u5176\u540e\u7684\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7384\u5958\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4ed6\u53d6\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u575a\u6301\u6b64\u524d\u771f\u8c1b\u552f\u8bc6\u601d\u60f3\u8005\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6709\u667a\u4fe8\u548c\u6cd5\u85cf\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u534e\u4e25\u5b97\u9f3b\u7956\u3002\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u300a\u5927\u4e58\u8d77\u4fe1\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u4ece\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5b83\u6700\u521d\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u7985\u4f5b\u6559\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u4e00\u5b97\uff0c\u9971\u53d7\u300a\u6123\u4f3d\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u62e5\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u8d70\u5f97\u66f4\u8fdc\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e03\u3001\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f5b\u6559\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u51c6\u6b63\u7edf\u552f\u8bc6\u5b97\u6d3e\u548c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u552f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5982\u6765\u85cf\u7684\u6742\u4ea4\u5b97\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u540e\u8005\u5360\u5c45\u4e0a\u98ce\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4f5b\u6559\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5927\u90fd\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u5982\u6765\u85cf\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6742\u4ea4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u672f\u4e2d\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u53cd\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u3001\u4eb2\u5982\u6765\u85cf\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u51e0\u4e2a\u65e5\u672c\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6279\u5224\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u5e7d\u7075\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u540c\u884c\u7684\u75db\u65a5\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u5230\u524d\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u754c\u5b9a\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u3002\u5b83\u8c61\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u901a\u5e38\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u4e09\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6559\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u552f\u8bc6\u3001\u4e09\u81ea\u6027\u548c\u516b\u8bc6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5b97\u6d3e\u5417\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5185\u6db5\uff1f
\n\u3000\u3000\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u963f\u6bd7\u8fbe\u78e8\u5b97\u6d3e\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u5b97\u6d3e\u7684\u963f\u6bd7\u8fbe\u78e8\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u4e0e\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4f20\u7edf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u9648\u90a3\u3001\u6cd5\u79f0\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u5e94\u5f53\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u552f\u8bc6\u5bb6\u5417\uff1f
\n\u3000\u3000\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\u548c\u897f\u85cf\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8bd1\u6587\u548c\u7f16\u7be1\uff0c\u5176\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u548c\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u5982\u4f55\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8457\u4f5c\u4f5a\u5931\u68b5\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u662f\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f
\n\u3000\u3000\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6781\u5c11\u6709\u786e\u5207\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\u975e\u5e38\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u4ecd\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u66fe\u89e6\u53ca\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7814\u7a76\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u4e8c\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5df2\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c
\n\u3000\u3000\u6b27\u6d32\u4f5b\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u3002\uff071\uff07\u5f53\u7384\u5958\u7684\u4f20\u8bb0\uff072\uff07\u548c\u6e38\u8bb0\uff073\uff07\u57281853\u5e74\u548c1857\u20261858\u5e74\u88ab\u65af\u5766\u5c3c\u65af\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u6731\u5229\u5b89\uff08Stanislas\u3000Julien\uff09\u5206\u522b\u8bd1\u51fa\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\uff074\uff07\u5f53\u65f6\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u79cd\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u4eba\u5173\u5fc3\u7384\u5958\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8d77\u4e8e\u4f55\u65f6\uff1f\u8fd9\u53c8\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u56de\u539f\u5148\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u4f55\u754c\u5b9a\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u300a\u5927\u4e58\u8d77\u4fe1\u8bba\u300b\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u5178\u7c4d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6700\u65e9\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u8bfb\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u552f\u8bc6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5178\u7c4d\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u94c3\u6728\u5927\u62d9\u5bf9\u6b64\u8bba\u5b9e\u53c9\u96be\u9640\u8bd1\u672c\u7684\u82f1\u8bd1\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u4e8e1900\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u94c3\u6728\u6ca1\u6709\u79f0\u6b64\u4e66\u662f\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u5176\u5f52\u5165\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u4e5f\u672a\u56e0\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u5bf9\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7814\u7a76\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u897f\u5c14\u4e07\u00b7\u83b1\u7ef4\uff08Sylvain\u3000Levi\uff09\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5b\u6559\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5bf9\u9a6c\u9e23\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4f5b\u9640\u53f2\u8bd7\u822c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4f20\u8bb0\u300a\u4f5b\u6240\u884c\u8d5e\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u83b1\u7ef4\u4e8e1898\u5e74\u5230\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u5bfb\u627e\u6709\u5173\u9a6c\u9e23\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u68b5\u6587\u5199\u672c\u7684\u300a\u5927\u4e58\u5e84\u4e25\u7ecf\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u9a6c\u9e23\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u4e4b\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u6cd5\u6587\uff0c\u4e8e1907\u20261911\u5e74\u95f4\u5728\u300a\u4e9a\u6d32\u4eba\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\uff08Journal\u3000Asiatique\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e1922\u5e74\u518d\u53bb\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e24\u90e8\u4e16\u4eb2\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u68b5\u6587\u5199\u672c\u300a\u552f\u8bc6\u4e8c\u5341\u8bba\u300b\u548c\u300a\u552f\u8bc6\u4e09\u5341\u9882\u300b\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5e26\u6709\u5b89\u60e0\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u30021925\u5e74\u4ed6\u5c06\u6b64\u4e0e\u8bd1\u6587\u5171\u540c\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u552f\u8bc6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u6599\u96c6\u300b\uff075\uff07\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u6311\u660e\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u552f\u8bc6\u7cfb\u7edf\u30021934\u81f31937\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4e9a\u9a6c\u53e4\u9f50\u00b7\u7d20\u7d20\u6728\uff08Yamaguchi\u3000Susumu\uff09\u7f16\u8f91\u5e76\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u51713\u5377\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b89\u60e0\u5bf9\u300a\u8fa9\u4e2d\u8fb9\u8bba\u9882\u300b\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u8be5\u9882\u5f52\u4e8e\u5f25\u52d2\u540d\u4e0b\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u65e0\u8457\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u5960\u57fa\u6027\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e16\u4eb2\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u548c\u5b89\u60e0\u7684\u518d\u91ca\u3002\uff076\uff07\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u526f\u6807\u9898\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u552f\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u9610\u91ca\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u8be5\u201c\u8bba\u201d\uff08vada\uff09\u6216\u201c\u5b97\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u552f\u8bc6\u201d\uff08Yogacara\u2026vijnapti\uff09\u3002\u83b1\u7ef4\u5219\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u5b89\u60e0\u89e3\u91ca\u4e09\u5341\u9882\u65f6\u7684\u6807\u9898\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u53eb\u5b83\u201c\u552f\u8bc6\u201d\uff08Vijnapti\u2026matra\uff09\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u5b66\u672f\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u5f0f\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u7cbe\u795e\u6240\u9a71\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u6574\u7406\u539f\u5178\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6bd4\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4f5a\u5931\u7684\u68b5\u6587\u5178\u7c4d\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u6fc0\u52a8\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5728\u91cd\u6784\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5173\u6ce8\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u548c\u5df4\u5229\u6587\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u9996\u5148\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u85cf\u6587\u8d44\u6599\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u586b\u8865\u7a7a\u767d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5219\u6700\u65e9\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u6b23\u8d4f\u3002\u83b1\u7ef4\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u662f\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u4eba\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u74e6\u83b1\u00b7\u666e\u68ee\uff08Louis\u3000de\u3000la\u3000Vallee\u3000Poussin\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u7cbe\u901a\u4f5b\u6559\u8bb8\u591a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u963f\u6bd7\u8fbe\u78e8\u65b9\u9762\u30021931\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u68ee\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e16\u4eb2\u8f6c\u4fe1\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6770\u4f5c\u300a\u963f\u6bd7\u8fbe\u78e8\u4ff1\u820d\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u6cd5\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u51717\u5377\uff0c\uff077\uff07\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u662f\u7384\u5958\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u672c\u3002\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u300a\u4ff1\u820d\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u68b5\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u7384\u5958\u7684\u8bd1\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u666e\u68ee\u5bf9\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6700\u5927\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u7384\u5958\u7684\u300a\u6210\u552f\u8bc6\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u8be5\u8bba\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u6982\u62ec\u4e86\u5370\u5ea610\u4e2a\u8bba\u5e08\u5bf9\u4e16\u4eb2\u300a\u552f\u8bc6\u4e09\u5341\u9882\u300b\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\uff078\uff07\uff0c\u666e\u68ee\u7684\u4e24\u5377\u8bd1\u672c\u4e8e1928\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u6807\u9898\u4e0a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u6d3e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u201c\u552f\u8bc6\u6027\u201d\uff08Vijnapti\u2026matra\u2026ta\uff09\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e2d\u6587\u6807\u9898\u4e0d\u66fe\u663e\u793a\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8bcd\u540e\u7f00\u201c\u6027\u201d\uff08ta\uff09\u3002\uff079\uff07\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u627f\u8ba4\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u4e00\u76f4\u7528\u666e\u68ee\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u6807\u9898\u6307\u7384\u5958\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u5e38\u5e38\u7528\u8be5\u8bcd\u6307\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e0e\u7384\u5958\u8d44\u6599\u6709\u5173\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u3002\u6211\u5219\u5efa\u8bae\u56de\u5230\u83b1\u7ef4\u548c\u5b89\u60e0\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u552f\u8bc6\uff08Vijnaptimatra\uff09\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u65e0\u610f\u5728\u6b64\u505a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u666e\u68ee\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u662f\u6062\u590d\u6216\u91cd\u5efa\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u68b5\u6587\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8868\u73b0\u4e2d\u6587\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u5176\u6cd5\u6587\u8bd1\u672c\u4e2d\u52aa\u529b\u56de\u8bd1\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91cd\u8981\uff08\u548c\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff09\u672f\u8bed\u4e3a\u68b5\u6587\uff0c\u66f4\u660e\u663e\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u57281948\u5e74\u5355\u884c\u51fa\u7248\u768453\u9875\u7684\u552f\u8bc6\u6027\uff08Vijnapti\u2026matra\u2026ta\uff09\u7d22\u5f15\u4e2d\u53ea\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u68b5\u6587\u672f\u8bed\u548c\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ee5\u68b5\u6587\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f\u7f16\u6392\u3002\uff0710\uff07
\n\u3000\u3000\u666e\u68ee\u300a\u6210\u552f\u8bc6\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5728\u4f17\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8457\u4f5c\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u77ed\u7bc7\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u666e\u68ee\u7684\u201c\u552f\u8bc6\u8bba\u758f\u201d\u7a81\u7136\u5c55\u73b0\u7ed9\u4eba\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec6\u5bc6\u4e30\u5bcc\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u91cf\u6210\u719f\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u552f\u8bc6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5176\u4e30\u5bcc\u6027\u81f3\u4eca\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u771f\u6b63\u6d88\u5316\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u548c\u6301\u4e45\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u6781\u529b\u8bba\u8bc1\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u70b9\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8bd1\u6587\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9875\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d2\u5165\u6b63\u6587\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u6ce8\u5f53\u4e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u89e3\u91ca\u591a\u4e8e\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4ece\u7aa5\u57fa\u7684\u300a\u8ff0\u8bb0\u300b\u5230\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u897f\u85cf\u4f5b\u6559\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u4ed6\u9650\u5236\u5728\u5185\u5bb9\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e0d\u89c9\u5730\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u91cc\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u603b\u662f\u7528\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u8d2f\u7a7f\u8bd1\u6587\u3002\uff0711\uff07\u5728\u5176\u540e\u7684\u597d\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u6001\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u666e\u68ee\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u662f\u827e\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u62c9\u83ab\u7279\uff08Etinne\u3000Lamotte\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u6781\u5927\u5730\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e86\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u6210\u5c31\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u4e2d\u8fc4\u4eca\u65e0\u4eba\u5339\u654c\u30021935\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7ecf\u5178\u300a\u89e3\u6df1\u5bc6\u7ecf\u300b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6587\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u68b5\u6587\u5df2\u4f5a\uff0c\u4ed6\u6839\u636e\u7684\u662f\u4e2d\u6587\u548c\u85cf\u6587\u672c\u3002\uff0712\uff07\uff0c\u8c61\u666e\u68ee\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8bd1\u6587\u4e2d\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u672f\u8bed\u90fd\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e86\u68b5\u6587\u7b49\u540c\u8bcd\u30021935\u52301936\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e16\u4eb2\u7684\u300a\u5927\u4e58\u6210\u4e1a\u8bba\u300b\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u5145\u6ee1\u963f\u6bd7\u8fbe\u78e8\u8303\u7574\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\uff0713\uff071938\u20261939\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u65e0\u8457\u300a\u6444\u5927\u4e58\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u4e24\u5377\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u8be5\u8bba\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4ed6\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e2d\u6587\u548c\u85cf\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u539f\u521d\u7684\u68b5\u6587\u672c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u4f20\u3002\uff0714\uff07\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u8f6c\u5165\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u9886\u57df\uff0715\uff07\uff0c\u5c06\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7559\u7ed9\u4e86\u5176\u5b83\u5b66\u8005\u3002
\n\u3000\u30001930\u5e74\uff0c\u94c3\u6728\u5927\u62d9\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u695e\u4f3d\u7ecf\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0716\uff07\uff0c\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\u4ed6\u53c8\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u5bf9\u8be5\u7ecf\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002\uff0717\uff07\u3000\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4ee5\u7985\u7684\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u695e\u4f3d\u7ecf\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e25\u5389\u6307\u8d23\uff0c\u62b1\u6028\u5176\u80a4\u6d45\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4f7f\u897f\u65b9\u8bfb\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u5305\u542b\u5728\u6b64\u7ecf\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8303\u578b\u3002\u8c61\u666e\u68ee\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8bba\u8ff0\u5728\u51e0\u4ee3\u4f5b\u6559\u5b66\u8005\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u5b54\u5179\uff08Edward\u3000Conze\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u4f5b\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u300b\uff08Buddhist\u3000Thought\u3000in\u3000Indian\uff09\u4e2d\u5bf9\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5c31\u662f\u94c3\u6728\u7684\u53cd\u54cd\u3002\uff0718\uff07\u3000\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u65f6\uff0c\u94c3\u6728\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u6d3e\u522b\u6027\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u85d0\u89c6\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u957f\u8fbe\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u4e0e\u5982\u6765\u85cf\u6df7\u8840\u95f4\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u6b63\u662f\u540e\u8005\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u504f\u89c1\u3002
\n\u3000\u30001938\u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u62c9\u4ec1\u65af\u00b7\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\uff08Clarence\u3000Hamilton\uff09\u7528\u4e2d\u82f1\u53cc\u8bed\u5bf9\u7167\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f
\n\u3000\u3000\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u7384\u5958\u6240\u8bd1\u7684\u4e16\u4eb2\u300a\u552f\u8bc6\u4e8c\u5341\u8bba\u300b\u53ca\u7aa5\u57fa\u7684\u8ff0\u8bb0\u3002\uff0719\uff07
\n\u3000\u3000\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u300a\u8fa9\u4e2d\u8fb9\u8bba\u300b\u5f00\u59cb\u5f97\u5230\u8ba4\u771f\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u30021936\u5e74\uff0c\u65e9\u5c31\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u8bba\u548c\u4f5b\u6559\u903b\u8f91\u8457\u79f0\u7684\u820d\u5c14\u5df4\u8328\u57fa\uff08Theodor\u3000Stcherbatsky\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u751a\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u5c06\u300a\u8fa9\u4e2d\u8fb9\u8bba\u300b\u7684 \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u751a\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u5c06\u300a\u8fa9\u4e2d\u8fb9\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u5934\u4e24\u7ae0\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u82f1\u6587\u3002\uff0720\uff071937\u5e74\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\uff08Friedman\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e26\u6709\u5b89\u60e0\u6ce8\u91ca\u7684\u300a\u8fa9\u4e2d\u8fb9\u8bba\u300b\u5934\u4e24\u7ae0\u7684\u60ca\u4eba\u8bd1\u672c\u3002\uff0721\uff07\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u5965\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\uff08Pual\u3000O\u2019Brien\uff09\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7ae0\u3002\uff0722\uff07\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8bd1\u672c\u3002\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u4e66\u5bc6\u987f\uff08Thomas\u3000Kochumuttom\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u7b2c1\u7ae0\uff0c\uff0723\uff07\u5e76\u5927\u91cf\u53c2\u8003\u4e86\u5b89\u60e0\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\u65af\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u963f\u90a3\u514b\uff08Stefan\u3000Anacher\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u300a\u8fa9\u4e2d\u8fb9\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u5e76\u9644\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u4e24\u90e8\u5178\u7c4d\uff09\u540e\uff0c\uff0724\uff07\u4e8e1984\u5e74\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u5168\u672c\u7684\u300a\u8fa9\u4e2d\u8fb9\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e0\u8457\u7684\u5176\u5b836\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\uff0725\uff07\u3002\u5fb7\u5bb9\uff08de\u3000Jong\uff09\u8bc4\u8bba\u9053\uff1a\u963f\u90a3\u514b\u201c\u300a\u8fa9\u4e2d\u8fb9\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u7cdf\u7cd5\u201d\uff0726\uff07\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b9e\u5728\u53ef\u60b2\u3002\u987a\u4fbf\u63d0\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u5b89\u60e0\u5bf9\u6b64\u8bba\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u6700\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u73cd\u5b9d\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u582a\u4e0e\u6708\u79f0\u5728\u4fee\u8f9e\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u7cbe\u6e5b\u5ab2\u7f8e\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b89\u60e0\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u662f\u6708\u79f0\u300a\u4e2d\u89c2\u6839\u672c\u660e\u53e5\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u539f\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u6587\u732e\u7edd\u5bf9\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u90e8\u5ba1\u614e\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u83b7\u5f97\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u4e25\u8083\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u820d\u5c14\u5df4\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6b27\u4ec1\u00b7\u5965\u4f2f\u5bc6\u52d2\uff08Eugene\u3000Obermiller\uff09\u5bf9\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u85cf\u4f20\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u65e0\u8457\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f57\u871c\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\uff0727\uff07\u6731\u585e\u4f69\u00b7\u56fe\u5947\uff08Giuseppe\u3000Tucci\uff09\u5bf9\u4f5b\u6559\u903b\u8f91\u6587\u732e\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u6c49\u6587\u53ca\u85cf\u6587\u3001\u68b5\u6587\u8d44\u6599\uff0728\uff07\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5f25\u52d2\u548c\u65e0\u8457\uff0729\uff07\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u4e86\u65e0\u8457\u5bf9\u300a\u91d1\u521a\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u7b80\u8981\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\uff0730\uff07
\n\u3000\u3000\u5fb7\u5bb9\u5bf91943\u20261973\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u6982\u62ec\uff0731\uff07\uff1a
\n\u3000\u3000\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f5b\u6559\u5178\u7c4d\u4e2d\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8d44\u6599\u30021954\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u7c73\u7ef4\u52d2\uff08Pual\u3000Demieville\uff09\u5728\u8bba\u50e7\u4f3d\u7f57\u5239\u4e4b\u300a\u745c\u4f3d\u5e08\u5730\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u957f\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u3002\uff0732\uff071947\u5e74\uff0c\u6208\u5361\u83b1\uff08V\u3000V\u3000Gokhale\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u65e0\u8457\u300a\u5927\u4e58\u963f\u6bd7\u8fbe\u78e8\u96c6\u8bba\u300b\u68b5\u6587\u7247\u65ad\u7684\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5bf9\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u963f\u6bd7\u8fbe\u78e8\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u3002\uff0733\uff07\u666e\u62c9\u54c8\u5fb7\u00b7\u666e\u62c9\u4e39\uff08Prahlad\u3000Pradhan\uff09\u501f\u52a9\u7384\u5958\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u5176\u68b5\u6587\u672c\uff081950\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\uff0734\uff07\u6c83\u6ce2\u62c9\u00b7\u62c9\u80e1\u62c9\uff08Walpola\u3000Rahula\uff09\u5c06\u5176\u5168\u90e8\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6587\uff081971\u5e74\uff09\u3002\uff0735\uff07\u5fb7\u7c73\u7ef4\u52d2\u4ece\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u300a\u83e9\u8428\u5730\u6301\u7ecf\u300b\u8bd1\u51fa\u4e00\u7ae0\uff081957\u5e74\uff09\uff0736\uff07\uff0c\u675c\u7279\uff08Nalinaksha\u3000Dutt\uff09\u5219\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u6b64\u7ecf\u7684\u65b0\u7248\u672c\uff081966\u5e74\uff09\uff0737\uff07\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u66fc\uff08Alex\u3000Wayman\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u58f0\u95fb\u5730\u4e4b\u624b\u7a3f\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff081961\u5e74\uff09\uff0738\uff07\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5170\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u65bd\u7c73\u7279\u8bb8\u68ee\uff08Lambert\u3000Schmithausen\uff09\u5bf9\u300a\u745c\u4f3d\u5e08\u5730\u8bba\u300b\u5173\u4e8e\u6d85\u3000\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u8282\u505a\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff081969\uff09\uff0739\uff07\u2026\u96c5\u514b\u00b7\u6885\u5bf9\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6559\u4e49\u6709\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u6982\u62ec\uff081971\u5e74\uff09\u3002\uff0740\uff07
\n\u3000\u3000\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3a\u5fb7\u5bb9\u8bc4\u8bba\u4e3a\u201c\u6770\u51fa\u6982\u62ec\u201d\u7684\u6885\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6807\u9898\u5c06\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u201c\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u963f\u90a3\u514b\u548c\u514b\u4e66\u5bc6\u987f\u5bf9\u4e16\u4eb2\u51e0\u90e8\u6838\u5fc3\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u572880\u5e74\u4ee3\u91cd\u65b0\u71c3\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e16\u4eb2\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u58f0\u97f3\u5982\u97e6\u66fc\u548c\u6773\u53f2\u5f17\u5bc6\uff08UEDA\u3000Yoshifumi\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u5373\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u514b\u4e66\u5bc6\u987f\u4e5f\u6301\u6709\u540c\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6700\u4e3a\u6301\u4e45\u3002\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u5bf9\u9648\u90a3\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u4eb2\u6700\u597d\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u4e16\u4eb2\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u66fe\u4ece\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u4e09\uff0c\u505c\u6ede\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8f6c\u5165\u5730\u4e0b\uff1f
\n\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\u8f6c\u5165\u4e86\u201c\u5730\u4e0b\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u66f4\u4e25\u8c28\u4e86\uff0c\u8f83\u5c11\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8457\u4f5c\u548c\u8bba\u6587\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u4f9d\u7136\u5f88\u9ad8\u300270\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6709\u82e5\u5e72\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f5b\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u7ed9\u4e88\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u592a\u5c11\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u505a\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u4e00\u4fdf\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4fbf\u8f6c\u5411\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5341\u5206\u53ef\u60b2\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u575a\u6301\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u4f5b\u6559\u5b66\u672f\u5708\u4e2d\u9010\u6e10\u6ca1\u843d\u3002\u5728\u4f5b\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u70ed\u70b9\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u897f\u85cf\u4f5b\u6559\u3001\u7985\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u4f5b\u6559\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8005\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u8f6c\u5411\u53cd\u5bf9\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u81ea\u8d1f\uff0c\u800c\u503e\u5411\u7528\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u66f4\u901a\u4fd7\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u6781\u5176\u590d\u6742\u3001\u7e41\u7410\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u6027\u7684\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6d3b\u6cfc\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5373\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u3001\u751a\u6216\u65b0\u8fd1\u7684\u201c\u901a\u4fd7\u201d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u81ea\u7136\u5931\u5ba0\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u5728\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u503c\u5f97\u7559\u610f\u3002\u963f\u90a3\u514b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6700\u65e9\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u65bd\u7c73\u7279\u8bb8\u68ee\u8bba\u8ff0\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u5c31\u804c\u8bba\u6587\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6709\u5173\u963f\u8d56\u8036\u8bc6\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u732e\u7684\u5168\u9762\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u5bf9\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\uff0741\uff07\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9c8d\u5c14\u65af\uff08John\u3000Powers\uff09\u4ece\u85cf\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u300a\u89e3\u6df1\u5bc6\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u5199\u51fa\u4e86\u51e0\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\uff1a\u4e00\u672c\u662f\u7ffb\u8bd1\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e00\u672c\u662f\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u6587\u732e\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u4e00\u672c\u662f\u5206\u6790\u7efc\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u6709\u5173\u897f\u85cf\u6587\u732e\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002\uff0742\uff07\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u683c\u91cc\u83f2\u65af\uff08Paul\u3000Griffiths\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u706d\u5c3d\u5b9a\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u4e8e1986\u5e74\u3002\uff0743\uff07\u5728\u88e4\u8c37\u5baa\u662d\uff08HAKAMAYA\u3000Noriaki\uff09\u4f5c\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5a01\u65af\u5eb7\u8f9b\u2026\u66fc\u5fb7\u68ee\u5927\u5b66\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u8ba8\u73ed\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u300a\u6444\u5927\u4e58\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u7b2c10\u7ae0\uff0c\u9644\u6709\u85cf\u6587\u7248\u4e0e\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8bd1\u6587\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\uff0744\uff07
\n\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u90e8\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u57fa\u5357\uff08John\u3000Keenan\uff09\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u662f\u300a\u4f5b\u5730\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u745c\u4f3d\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u667a\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u6559\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\u3000\uff0745\uff07\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u8d44\u6599\u8bd1\u81ea\u7384\u5958\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u672c\u3002\u57fa\u5357\u8fd8\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u5176\u5b83\u6709\u5173\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\uff0746\uff07\u6709\u5173\u552f\u8bc6\u601d\u60f3\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u6234\u7ef4\u68ee\uff08Ronald\u3000Davidson\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u8f6c\u4f9d\u300b\u3002\uff0747\uff07\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u65af\u670b\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Alan\u3000Sponberg\uff09\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u5bf9\u7aa5\u57fa\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u4e0e\u8457\u4f5c\u4f5c\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u300a\u5927\u4e58\u6cd5\u82d1\u4e49\u6797\u7ae0\u300b\u5377\u4e09\u201c\u8bba\u552f\u8bc6\u201d\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002\uff0748\uff07\u867d\u7136\u65af\u5766\u5229\u00b7\u6e29\u65af\u5766\uff08Stanley\u3000Weinstein\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u7aa5\u57fa\u7684\u4ec5\u6709\u7684\u51e0\u90e8\u82f1\u6587\u8457\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0749\uff07\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u5bf9\u826f\u904d\u50e7\u90fd\uff08Ryohen\u2026Sozu\uff09\u300a\u89c2\u5fc3\u89c9\u68a6\u6284\u300b\uff08Kanjin\u3000Kakumusho\uff09\u8fd9\u90e8\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u7248\u3002\uff0750\uff07\u83b1\u65af\u5229\u00b7\u5361\u74e6\u7a46\u62c9\uff08Leslie\u3000Kawamura\uff09\u5728\u7855\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u300a\u552f\u8bc6\u4e09\u5341\u9882\u300b\u5b89\u60e0\u7684\u8bba\u91ca\uff0751\uff07\uff0c\u5728\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u8c03\u4f0f\u5929\u7684\u8bba\u91ca\u3002\uff0752\uff07\u5361\u74e6\u7a46\u62c9\u8fd8\u4ee5\u6653\u767d\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u5b66\u8005\u957f\u5c3e\u96c5\u4eba\uff08NAGAO\u3000Gadjin\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\uff0753\uff07\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5409\u9ea6\u7f57\uff08Robert\u3000Gmelllo\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u534e\u4e25\u5b97\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u667a\u4fe8\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u51736\u81f37\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f5b\u6559\u53f2\u6700\u597d\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u8457\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff08\u53ef\u60dc\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u7248\uff09\u3002\uff0754\uff07\u3000\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u6587\u867d\u7136\u5728\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u662f\u8bba\u8ff0\u534e\u4e25\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u534e\u4e25\u662f\u552f\u8bc6\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u6e29\u5e8a\uff0c\u5409\u9ea6\u7f57\u4ee4\u4eba\u94a6\u4f69\u5730\u542b\u76d6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u3002\u5bf9\u4e2d\u6587\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u552f\u8bc6\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5218\u660e\u4f0d\uff08Ming\u2026wood\u3000Liu\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u534e\u4e25\u5b97\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u6cd5\u85cf\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002\uff0755\uff07\u6797\u9547\u56fd\u5bf9\u300a\u89e3\u6df1\u5bc6\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u4f5b\u6559\u8be0\u91ca\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002\uff0756\uff07\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u662f\u5373\u5c06\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u80da\u80ce\uff1a\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u552f\u8bc6\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u8003\u5bdf\u4e0e\u3008\u6210\u552f\u8bc6\u8bba\u3009\u300b\uff08Curzon\u3000Press\uff09\u3002\u6211\u4e3a\u300a\u52b3\u7279\u5229\u5947\uff08Routledge\uff09\u54f2\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u201c\u552f\u8bc6\u201d\u6761\u76ee\uff0c\u5219\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u79cd\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u6d3e\u751f\u51fa\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u6234\u5b89\u5a1c\u00b7\u4fdd\u7f57\uff08Diana\u3000Paul\uff09\u5bf9\u771f\u8c1b\u300a\u8f6c\u8bc6\u8bba\u300b\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5bf9\u300a\u552f\u8bc6\u4e09\u5341\u9882\u300b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u6df1\u6df1\u5730\u6df9\u6ca1\u5728\u8bc4\u8bba\u6027\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u5f53\u4e2d\u3002\uff0757\uff07\u5979\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u8bed\u5883\u4e0a\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u8bef\u8bfb\u4e86\u300a\u552f\u8bc6\u4e09\u5341\u9882\u300b\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u3002\uff0758\uff07\u5361\u9c81\u5e15\u54c8\u90a3\uff08Kalupahana\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e16\u4eb2\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u66f4\u8c61\u662f\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\uff08William\u3000James\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u8bc6\u3002\uff0759\uff07\u3000\u67e5\u7279\u5409\uff08K\u3002N\u3002Chatterjee\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5bf9\u300a\u552f\u8bc6\u4e8c\u5341\u8bba\u300b\u548c\u300a\u552f\u8bc6\u4e09\u5341\u9882\u300b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u662f\u6709\u7591\u95ee\u7684\uff0760\uff07\uff0c\u590f\u5c14\u9a6c\uff08T\u3002R\u3002Sharma\uff09\u5bf9\u300a\u552f\u8bc6\u4e8c\u5341\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7565\u5fae\u4ed4\u7ec6\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u6837\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u3002\uff0761\uff07\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u4f0d\u5fb7\uff08Thomas\u3000Wood\uff09\u505a\u4e86\u52c7\u6562\u800c\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u5206\u6790\u552f\u8bc6\u6587\u732e\u7684\u96c6\u5b50\u3002\uff0762\uff07\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u65af\u74e6\u72c4\u00b7\u7518\u53e4\u5229\uff08Swati\u3000Ganguly\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u300a\u6210\u552f\u8bc6\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u8282\u7565\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u7384\u5958\u5728\u552f\u8bc6\u4e09\u5341\u9882\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0763\uff07\u4e2d\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u6e90\u4e8e\u85cf\u6587\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5982\u97e6\u66fc\uff08Wayman\uff09\uff0764\uff07\u3001\u5361\u5409\u4e9a\u739b\uff08Kajiyama\uff09\uff0765\uff07\u3001\u5854\u5179\uff08Tatz\uff09\u3001\uff0766\uff07\u5188\u745f\uff08Guenther\uff09\uff0767\uff07\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\uff0768\uff07\u52a0\u96f7\u65af\u00b7\u65af\u5df4\u6c49\u59c6\uff08Gareth\u3000Sparham\uff09\u7684\u300a\u96c4\u8fa9\u4e4b\u6d77\u300b\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u5b97\u5580\u5df4\u5bf9\u552f\u8bc6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\uff0769\uff07\uff0c\u8fd1\u6765\uff0c\u6770\u5f17\u91cc\u00b7\u970d\u5e03\u91d1\u65af\uff08Jeffrey\u3000Hopkins\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e24\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5b97\u5580\u5df4\u548c\u552f\u8bc6\u5728\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u4f20\u8bd1\u3002\uff0770\uff07\u73b0\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u8d85\u51fa\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u683c\u9c81\u5df4\u6d3e\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u773c\u5149\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u897f\u85cf\u4f5b\u6559\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6d3e\uff0c\u5982\u5b81\u739b\u6d3e\u7b49\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b97\u6d3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u552f\u8bc6\u548c\u6c49\u4f20\u552f\u8bc6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u66f4\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u671f\u671b\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u5173\u6ce8\u552f\u8bc6\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\u6700\u540e\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e09\u5e74\u524d\u6211\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u5b66\u4f1a\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u4e13\u9898\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u53cd\u54cd\u4ee4\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u6240\u63aa\uff0c\u5728\u4e54\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\uff08Joe\u3000Wilson\uff09\u548c\u67e5\u514b\u00b7\u9a6c\u52d2\uff08Chuck\u3000Muller\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7814\u8ba8\u7ec4\uff0c\u5728\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08AAR\uff09\u5e74\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5f00\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7814\u8ba8\u7ec4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u9875\uff0771\uff07\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u6709\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f51\u9875\u8fc4\u4eca\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u76f4\u5145\u6ee1\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u5f02\u7684\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u53c2\u52a0\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u8ba8\u7ec4\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5174\u594b\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u903b\u8f91\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u5373\u5c06\u4ece\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u9662\u6bd5\u4e1a\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7279\u6027\u3002\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u7814\u8ba8\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u5bf9\u963f\u6bd7\u8fbe\u78e8\u7684\u62b5\u5236\u3002\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7814\u7a76\u572821\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u5145\u6ee1\u5e0c\u671b\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\uff08\u9b4f\u5fb7\u4e1c\u8bd1\uff09
\n\u3000\u3000\uff071\uff07\u3000\u8be6\u89c1\u5fb7\u5bb9\u7684\u300a\u6b27\u7f8e\u4f5b\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u7b80\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4e1c\u4eac1997\u5e74\u7248\u3000\uff08de\u3000Jong\uff1a\u3000A\u3000Brief\u3000History\u3000of\u3000Buddhist\u3000Studies\u3000in\u3000Europe\u3000and\u3000America\uff1b\u3000Tokyo\uff1b\u3000Kosei\uff1b1997\uff09\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u9898\u4f5c\u201c\u65e9\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d300\u20261877\uff09\u201d\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u5bf9\u672c\u6587\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u5927\u6709\u88e8\u610f\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\uff072\uff07\u3000\u6167\u7acb\uff08\u7531\u5f66\u5b97\u5b8c\u6210\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u5927\u5510\u5927\u6148\u6069\u4e09\u85cf\u6cd5\u5e08\u4f20\u300b\uff08T50\uff0c2053\uff09\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\uff073\uff07\u3000\u300a\u5927\u5510\u897f\u57df\u8bb0\u300b\uff08T51\uff0c2087\uff09
\n\u3000\u3000\uff074\uff07\u3000\u4e24\u4e66\u5747\u7531Imprimerie\u3000Imperiale\uff1b\u3000Paris\u51fa\u7248\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\uff075\uff07\u3000Levi\uff1b\u3000Sylvain\u3002\u3000Materiaux\u3000pour\u3000l’etude\u3000du\u3000systeme\u3000Vijnaptimaatra\u3002\u3000Paris\uff1a\u3000Bibliotheque\u3000de\u3000l’Ecole\u3000des\u3000Hautes\u3000Etudes\uff1b\u30001925\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\uff076\uff07Madhyantavibhaga\u2026tika\u3000de\u3000Sthiramati\uff1a\u3000Exposition\u3000systematique\u3000du\u3000Yogacaravijnaptivada\u3002\u3000Nagoya\uff1a\u3000Hajinkaku\u91cd\u5370\u672c\uff0cTokyo\uff1a\u3000Suzuki\u3000Research\u3000Foundation\uff1b\u30001966\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u8be5\u9882\u4e0e\u8bba\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u7ea7\u4f5c\u8005\u66fe\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u539f\u521d\u6027\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u91cc\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u51b3\u3002
\n\u3000\u3000\uff077\uff07\u3000L’Abhidharmakosa\u3000de\u3000Vasubandhu\uff1b\u3000traduit\u3000et\u3000annote\u3000par\u3000Louis\u3000de\u3000la\u3000Vallee\u3000Poussin\u3002\u3000Paris\uff1a\u3000Paul\u3000Greuthner\uff1b\u30001931\uff1b\u30007\u3000vols\u3002
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\n\u3000\u3000\uff0742\uff07\u3000Powers\uff1b\u3000John\u3002\u3000Hermeneutics\u3000and\u3000Tradition\u3000in\u3000the\u3000Samdhinirmocana\u2026sutra\u3002\u3000Leiden\uff1a\u3000EJ\u3000Brill\uff1b\u30001993\uff1b\u3000The\u3000Yogacara\u3000School\u3000of\u3000Buddhism\uff1a\u3000a\u3000Bibliography\u3002\u3000Metuchen\uff1b\u3000N\u3002J\u3002\uff1a\u3000American\u3000Theological\u3000Library\u3000Association\uff1b\u3000London\uff1a\u3000Scarecrow\u3000Press\uff1b\u30001991\uff1b\u3000Two\u3000mentaries\u3000on\u3000the\u3000Samdhinirmocana\u2026\u3000suutra\u3000by\u3000Asa\u2018ng\u3000a\u3000and\u3000Jnanagarbha\u3002\u3000Lewiston\uff1b\u3000NY\uff1a\u3000Edwin\u3000Mellen\u3000Press\uff1b\u30001992\uff1b\u3000Wisdom\u3000of\u3000the\u3000Buddha\uff1a\u3000the\u3000Samdhinirmocana\u3000Mahayana\u3000Sutra\u3002\u3000Berkeley\uff1b\u3000CA\uff1a\u3000Dharma\u3000Publishing\uff1b\u30001995\u3002
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