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\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u7ec6\u81f4\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u56da\u517b\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5229\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u56da\u517b\u573a\u6240\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u662f\u54ea\u4e9b\u4eba\u7c7b\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u613f\u671b\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8fd9\u7c7b\u573a\u6240\u6162\u6162\u6f14\u8fdb\uff0c\u80dc\u8fc7\u4e86\u6216\u6c89\u6ca6\u6216\u88ab\u6539\u9020\u6210\u65b0\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u56da\u517b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5de1\u5c55\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e4b\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u53d7\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u7684\u6e38\u89c8\u548c\u4f11\u95f2\u4e50\u56ed\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u601d\u8003\u95ee\u9898\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5f62\u5f0f\u7531\u6b27\u6d32\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\u7531\u6b27\u6d32\u4f20\u5411\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u900f\u8fc7\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u56da\u7b3c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u611f\u77e5\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\uff1a\u6392\u65a5\u548c\u8ff7\u604b\uff1b\u5229\u7528\u3001\u652f\u914d\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff1b\u5bf9\u591a\u79cd\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff1b\u7b49\u7b49\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5fae\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4e0e\u6ce2\u6f9c\u58ee\u9614\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u63a2\u7d22\u5e76\u884c\u53f2\u6709\u5173\uff1b\u4e0e\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u66b4\u8650\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6709\u5173\uff1b\u4e0e\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u573a\u6240\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u6709\u5173\uff1b\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5316\u6709\u5173\uff1b\u4e5f\u4e0e\u4f11\u95f2\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53d8\u8fc1\u6709\u5173\u3002\u89c2\u89c8\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u517d\u7b3c\u5c31\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u50ac\u751f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u517d\u7b3c\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u3000\u8363\u8a89\u8c61\u5f81
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\u666e\u904d\u5bf9\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6000\u6709\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u62e5\u6709\u548c\u63a5\u8fd1\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u9ad8\u8d35\u7684\u5962\u4f88\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u5c42\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u65e9\u572814\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7687\u65cf\u3001\u738b\u4faf\u751a\u81f3\u9886\u4e3b\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u5bab\u5ef7\u5b98\u90b8\u91cc\u5c55\u793a\u571f\u751f\u6216\u5947\u5f02\u91ce\u517d\u3002\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u517d\u9986\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5cserragli\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6c47\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u6d41\u4f20\u5230\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u6f14\u5316\u6210\u4e86\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684serrallo\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684serralho\u548c\u6cd5\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684serrail\u548cs\u00e9rail\uff08\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528hostel\u548cmaisondelions\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff09\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u76f4\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u53e4\u4ee3\uff0c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4ece\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u56da\u517b\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u4e0e\u72e9\u730e\u5b9e\u8df5\u6709\u5173\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u4eec\u60f3\u628a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u7684\u730e\u7269\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u53e6\u4e2a\u4e00\u5730\u65b9\u5e76\u63a7\u5236\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u8bb0\u8f7d\u6765\u81ea\u57c3\u53ca\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d4\u52305\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u57c3\u53ca\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u795e\u5e99\u5185\u5916\u4f9b\u517b\u795e\u517d\uff0c\u5728\u517d\u680f\u91cc\u9972\u517b\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u77aa\u7f9a\u548c\u7f9a\u7f8a\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u5728\u516c\u51432\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u730e\u8c79\u548c\u72ee\u5b50\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u72e9\u730e\u548c\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\u4eba\u53c8\u8ff7\u4e0a\u4e86\u5947\u5f02\u91ce\u517d\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u54c8\u5854\u82cf\u5973\u738b\uff08QueenHatasou\uff09\u5728\u5e95\u6bd4\u65af\uff08Thebes\uff09\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u53f2\u4e0a\u9996\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d14\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5bab\u6bbf\u91cc\u9972\u517b\u641c\u96c6\u81ea\u534e\u590f\u5404\u5730\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d9\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5468\u6587\u738b\u4e3a\u4eab\u730e\u6e14\u4e4b\u4e50\u800c\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a375\u516c\u9877\u7684\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u516c\u56ed\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u7075\u56ff\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u795e\u521b\u4e4b\u7269\u3002\uff08\u516c\u514313\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u6ce2\u7f57\u66fe\u62dc\u8bbf\u8fc7\u7684\u5927\u6c49\u5ffd\u5fc5\u70c8\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u9972\u517b\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u653e\u517b\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u3002\uff09\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u738b\u516c\u8bf8\u4faf\u4e3a\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u72e9\u730e\u800c\u9a6f\u517b\u5927\u8c61\u3001\u72ee\u5b50\u3001\u8001\u864e\u548c\u9ed1\u8c79\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d1\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4e9a\u8ff0\u56fd\u738b\u517b\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u7528\u4f5c\u5c55\u54c1\u3001\u796d\u54c1\u6216\u730e\u9776\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u6ce2\u65af\u56fd\u738b\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u65f6\u671f\u8fd8\u662f\u88ab\u5974\u5f79\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6709\u4e2a\u7687\u5bb6\u56ed\u6797\u91cc\u4e00\u76f4\u517b\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\uff08\u5f53\u963f\u5179\u7279\u514b\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e8e1519\u5e74\u88ab\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u9996\u90fd\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u56ed\u6797\u3002\uff09\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8c6a\u534e\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u66f4\u8c6a\u534e\u7684\u5b98\u90b8\u548c\u534e\u8d35\u58ee\u4e3d\u7684\u795e\u5e99\u5185\u5916\u4f4f\u7740\u591a\u5c11\u5df2\u88ab\u9a6f\u5316\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u98de\u79bd\u548c\u7334\u5b50\u3002\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u5927\u5e1d\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u624d\u5bf9\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u5927\u8c61\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u529b\u91cf\u8c61\u5f81\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u559c\u6b22\u9972\u517b\u5947\u5f02\u9e1f\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81f3\u9ad8\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e84\u56ed\u9644\u8fd1\u5efa\u8d77\u4e86\u9e1f\u820d\u3001\u9c7c\u5858\u548c\u517d\u680f\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u517d\u680f\u6700\u521d\u7528\u6765\u9972\u517b\u91ce\u5154\uff0c\u5230\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u5bcc\u4eba\u4eec\u53c8\u4e3a\u4e86\u89c2\u8d4f\u3001\u6253\u730e\u548c\u4eab\u53d7\u7f8e\u98df\u800c\u517b\u8d77\u4e86\u9e7f\u548c\u91ce\u732a\u3002\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5706\u5f62\u7ade\u6280\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u6f14\u6fc0\u8d77\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u5bf9\u201c\u731b\u517d\u201d\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\u5185\u5916\u9972\u517b\u8fd9\u7c7b\u91ce\u517d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u516c\u5143\u524d2\u52303\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u6267\u653f\u5b98\u4eec\u9010\u6e10\u517b\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e60\u60ef\uff1a\u5148\u5e26\u7740\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u548c\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u6e38\u884c\u4e00\u756a\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5168\u90e8\u6740\u6b7b\u3002\u8fd9\u65e2\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e3a\u6b7b\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u731b\u517d\u7360\u7259\u5229\u722a\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u62a5\u4ec7\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8c61\u5f81\u7f57\u9a6c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6467\u6bc1\u6216\u5360\u6709\u4e86\u654c\u4eba\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u571f\u5730\u2014\u2014\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u662d\u793a\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eea\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e60\u60ef\u4e86\u89d2\u6597\u58eb\u8089\u640f\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u9887\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u7687\u5e1d\u548c\u5e26\u7740\u63a0\u593a\u6765\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u51ef\u65cb\u5f52\u6765\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5728\u516c\u5171\u96c6\u4f1a\u3001\u6e38\u884c\u961f\u4f0d\u3001\u730e\u573a\u548c\u89d2\u6597\u573a\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5927\u591a\u662f\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\uff09\uff0c\u89d2\u6597\u573a\u7684\u8868\u6f14\u4e5f\u591a\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a\u8ba9\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u5904\u51b3\u6b7b\u5211\u72af\u6216\u4e0e\u89d2\u6597\u58eb\u640f\u6597\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u680f\u548c\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u7684\u731b\u517d\u680f\u2014\u2014\u6709\u4e9b\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u8868\u6f14\u524d\u56da\u7981\u731b\u517d\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5411\u79c1\u4eba\u51fa\u552e\u731b\u517d\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u7687\u5e1d\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u72e9\u730e\u548c\u5e86\u5178\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b83\u4eec\u5957\u8f94\u62c9\u8f66\u4ee5\u5f3a\u8c03\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3001\u795e\u6027\u548c\u5bf9\u6700\u51f6\u6b8b\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u7269\u7684\u652f\u914d\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f20\u7edf\u90fd\u662f\u9760\u5916\u4ea4\u8d60\u793c\u3001\u6218\u4e89\u63a0\u593a\u548c\u5bf9\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6355\u730e\u7ef4\u6301\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u9760\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6355\u730e\u805a\u655b\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u91ce\u517d\uff0c\u800c\u5317\u975e\u548c\u4e1c\u65b9\u7684\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u5374\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u4eba\u53e3\u9510\u51cf\u3002\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9972\u517b\u5e76\u4e00\u904d\u904d\u5730\u91cd\u590d\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u91cd\u8981\u6d3b\u52a8\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u640f\u6597\u8868\u6f14\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u4e5f\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u516c\u51436\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8868\u6f14\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u7edd\u8ff9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u7701\u3002\u57286\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u9ad8\u5362\uff0c\u514b\u6d1b\u7ef4\uff08Clovis\uff09\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fc7\u52a8\u7269\u640f\u6597\u8868\u6f14\u30028\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u67e5\u7406\u66fc\u5927\u5e1d\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4e1c\u65b9\u541b\u4e3b\u9001\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u51e0\u53ea\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u517b\u4e86\u4e00\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u73cd\u7a00\u9e1f\u7c7b\uff08\u5b54\u96c0\u3001\u96c9\u548c\u9e2d\u5b50\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e8b\u60c5\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u81f3\u4eca\u4e0d\u5f97\u800c\u77e5\u3002\u5728\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u9972\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u640f\u6597\u8868\u6f14\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5ef6\u7eed\u523012\u548c13\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u548c\u6b63\u53d8\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4f9b\u5e94\u6e90\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u4e1c\u5f81\u5723\u5730\u7684\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u624d\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u4e86\u7528\u8c79\u5b50\u6355\u730e\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u9972\u517b\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u572813\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e24\u897f\u897f\u91cc\u738b\u56fd\uff08TwoSicilies\uff09\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Frederick\u2161\uff09\u7684\u5bab\u5ef7\u91cc\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u50cf\u6a21\u50cf\u6837\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u4ed6\u517b\u7740\u7528\u4e8e\u72e9\u730e\u6216\u6e38\u884c\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u9a86\u9a7c\u3001\u5355\u5cf0\u9a7c\u3001\u5927\u8c61\u3001\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u7334\u5b50\u3001\u718a\u3001\u77aa\u7f9a\u548c\u4e00\u53ea\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u3002\u6162\u6162\u7684\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u534a\u5c9b\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u5b85\u90b8\u91cc\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e2\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u826f\u597d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u9a91\u58eb\u4eec\u60f3\u51ed\u501f\u8fd9\u79cd\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6d88\u9063\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7a81\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u9972\u517b\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5927\u591a\u662f\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u7334\u5b50\uff09\uff0c\u572814\u548c15\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u9c7c\u5858\u3001\u9e1f\u820d\u548c\u5c0f\u517d\u680f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u517b\u5154\u573a\u65c1\u8fb9\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u4e8e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e0a\u767e\u516c\u9877\u5927\u730e\u573a\u4e5f\u5728\u52c3\u826e\u7b2c\u3001\u5e03\u5217\u5854\u5c3c\u548c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7b49\u5730\u91cd\u73b0\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72e9\u730e\u573a\u9972\u517b\u7740\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u8fd0\u6765\u7684\u9e7f\u3001\u91ce\u732a\u751a\u81f3\u718a\uff0c\u4f9b\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u6e38\u730e\u4eab\u4e50\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u3000\u8363\u8a89\u8c61\u5f81\uff1a\u57ce\u5821\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u732b
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u300016\u548c17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u660e\u663e\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4ece\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9972\u517b\u4e86\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u8198\u80a5\u4f53\u58ee\u7684\u7272\u755c\u3002\u4ece\u5730\u7406\u5206\u5e03\u5e7f\u5ea6\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u3002\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u57ce\u5821\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4e24\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u662f\u201c\u731b\u517d\u201d\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u718a\u3001\u5c71\u732b\u3001\u72fc\u3001\u72ee\u5b50\u548c\u66f4\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u864e\u3001\u96ea\u8c79\u3001\u730e\u8c79\u548c\u82b1\u8c79\uff09\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5a31\u4e50\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u9e7f\uff09\u3002\u6570\u91cf\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4ecd\u662f\u5ec9\u4ef7\u7684\u672c\u571f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u66f4\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u662d\u663e\u4e3b\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u629b\u5934\u9732\u9762\u7684\u731b\u517d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6587\u5316\u827a\u672f\u5174\u65fa\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e0d\u52d2\u65af\u3001\u5e15\u5c14\u739b\u3001\u8d39\u62c9\u62c9\u516c\u7235\uff08DukeofFerrara\uff0c\u4ed6\u572815\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u517b\u4e86\u4e00\u53ea\u975e\u5e38\u73cd\u5947\u7684\u8001\u864e\uff09\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\u3001\u5361\u62c9\u5e03\u91cc\u4e9a\u516c\u7235\uff08DukeofCalabria\uff09\u5728\u6ce2\u7126\u96f7\u5c14\uff08PoggioReale\uff09\u7684\u522b\u5885\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u8bbe\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u6700\u6210\u529f\u4e5f\u6700\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u7684\u6d1b\u4f26\u4f50\u00b7\u6885\u7b2c\u5947\uff08LorenzoMedici\uff09\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8d77\u59cb\u4e8e15\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u4f1f\u5927\u6d1b\u4f26\u4f50\uff081469~92\uff09\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u65e0\u51fa\u5176\u53f3\uff0c\u6536\u517b\u4e86\u730e\u8c79\u3001\u72ee\u5b50\u3001\u5927\u8c61\u3001\u718a\u3001\u516c\u725b\u548c\u91ce\u732a\u3002\u4ece16\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7ee7\u627f\u6885\u7b2c\u5947\u4f53\u94b5\u7684\u6258\u65af\u5361\u7eb3\u5927\u516c\u7235\u4eec\u4e5f\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\uff0c\u5404\u8def\u738b\u516c\u8d35\u65cf\u5411\u6559\u7687\u4eec\u8fdb\u732e\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5230\u6d1b\u4f26\u4f50\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u5229\u5965\u5341\u4e16\uff08LeoX\uff0c1513~21\uff09\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u68b5\u8482\u5188\u5c0f\u5ead\u9662\u91cc\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u5dc5\u5cf0\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u7ea2\u8863\u4e3b\u6559\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e84\u56ed\u91cc\u9972\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5730\u7406\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6d77\u4e0a\u9738\u4e3b\u4e4b\u4e00\u8461\u8404\u7259\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u76db\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u9972\u517b\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002\u9996\u90fd\u3001\u8f9b\u7279\u62c9\u548c\u91cc\u8d1d\u62c9\uff08Ribeira\uff09\u7684\u7687\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u91cc\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u7280\u725b\u3001\u5927\u8c61\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\uff0c\u5982\u5e03\u62c9\u5e72\u8428\uff08Braganca\uff09\u3001\u79d1\u82f1\u5e03 \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \ue203\u94e9\uff14\u880a\u7b1e\u8fd5\u7275\ue0e3\u7eee\u796d\ue131\u6247\ue236\u02d9raganca\uff09\u3001\u79d1\u82f1\u5e03\u62c9\uff08Coimbra\uff09\u548c\u963f\u5a01\u7f57\uff08Aveiro\uff09\u7684\u516c\u7235\uff0c\u4e5f\u6a21\u4eff\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e00\u5ea6\u56e0\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u800c\u88ab\u629b\u5f03\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u53c8\u88ab\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5df2\u7ecf\u5931\u53bb\u5927\u7247\u571f\u5730\u7684\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5149\u5f69\u5df2\u7ecf\u5927\u4e0d\u5982\u524d\u3002\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u8461\u8404\u7259\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u5e94\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u4e0d\u91cd\u865a\u9970\u800c\u66f4\u91cd\u7b80\u6734\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u4e94\u4e16\uff08CharlesV\uff09\u548c\u56e0\u51e1\u5766\u591a\u516c\u7235\uff08DukeofInfantando\uff09\u7b49\u51e0\u4e2a\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u66fe\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5bab\u6bbf\u91cc\u9972\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u56db\u4e16\uff08PhilipIV\uff09\u4e5f\u5728\u7530\u56ed\u4e4b\u5bb6\uff08CasadelCampo\uff09\u517b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u718a\u3001\u864e\u548c\u72ee\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4e0d\u50cf\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u90a3\u6837\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u738b\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u5854\u7684\u517d\u7b3c\u91cc\u9972\u517b\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u72ee\u5b50\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u572816\u548c17\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u897f\u5c5e\u8377\u5170\u7684\u603b\u7763\u4eec\u4e5f\u5728\u6839\u7279\u57ce\u517b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u9886\u5730\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u76fe\u5f62\u5fbd\u7ae0\u4e0a\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u56fe\u6848\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u559c\u6b22\u517b\u4e0a\u4e00\u53ea\u540c\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u72ee\u5b50\u3001\u718a\u3001\u72fc\uff09\u3002\u53d7\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u8d35\u65cf\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e8e16\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u9009\u4faf\u4e8e1554\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f\u9972\u517b\u72ee\u5b50\u3001\u718a\u3001\u5c71\u732b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u9009\u4faf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8fc1\u5230\u4e86\u8bfa\u4f0a\u65bd\u5854\u7279\u57ce\u5821\uff08NeustadtCastle\uff09\u300216\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u6d77\u745f\u4f2f\u7235\u9886\u4e3b\uff08LandgraveofHesse\uff09\u6cbe\u67d3\u4e0a\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u7231\u597d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\u5728\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u5efa\u8d77\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u897f\u7c73\u5229\u5b89\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Maximilian\u2161\uff0c1564~76\uff09\u4e8e1552\u5e74\u5728\u57c3\u4f2f\u65af\u591a\u592b\uff08Ebersdorf\uff09\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u517b\u4e86\u4e00\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u548c\u4ece\u4ed6\u5c11\u5e74\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5f15\u8fdb\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u730e\u8c79\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u7ebd\u683c\u5821\u57ce\u5821\uff08Neugeb&auml\uff1buCastle\uff09\u6545\u4f0e\u91cd\u65bd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u76f4\u523017\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u624d\u7fbd\u7ffc\u4e30\u6ee1\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u7559\u52301781\u5e74\uff0c\u800c\u57c3\u4f2f\u65af\u591a\u592b\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5148\u9a71\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e8e17\u4e16\u7eaa\u9500\u58f0\u533f\u8ff9\u4e86\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6218\u4e89\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba916\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u541b\u4e3b\u4eec\u5c1d\u5230\u4e86\u5962\u534e\u548c\u70ab\u8000\u7684\u6ecb\u5473\u3002\u53d7\u738b\u5ef7\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u9009\u5740\u4e0d\u5b9a\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u5df4\u9ece\u57ce\u5821\u548c\u5362\u74e6\u5c14\u6cb3\u5206\u5e03\u5404\u5904\u3002\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u4e5f\u9972\u517b\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u72ee\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91ce\u517d\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u56da\u517b\u5728\u4f4f\u5b85\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u56f4\u680f\u3001\u517d\u7b3c\u6216\u7279\u610f\u6539\u9020\u8fc7\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u572816\u548c17\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u591a\u5c11\u5df2\u88ab\u9a6f\u5316\u7684\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e86\u4f4f\u5b85\u5185\u90e8\u3002\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u4e00\u4e16\uff08FrancisI\uff09\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u8ba9\u4e00\u53ea\u72ee\u5b50\u6216\u96ea\u8c79\u8eba\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5e8a\u811a\u4e0b\u30021682\u5e74\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e866\u5e74\u671f\u548c\u5e73\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\u5927\u4f7f\u5728\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u7684\u5973\u738b\u5367\u5ba4\u91cc\u732e\u4e0a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u793c\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\u4e00\u5934\u201c\u79c1\u4eba\u96cc\u864e\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u53ea\u864e\u6e29\u987a\u5f97\u50cf\u6761\u5c0f\u72d7\uff0c\u4efb\u7531\u5bab\u5973\u4eec\u968f\u610f\u629a\u6478\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572814~16\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u517b\u9e1f\u70ed\u9010\u6e10\u5728\u8d35\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u5174\u8d77\u3002\u56fd\u738b\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u4e00\u4e16\uff08CharlesI\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u9e1f\u8ff7\u3002\u7537\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u9e66\u9e49\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u8ba9\u9e66\u9e49\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u91cc\u81ea\u7531\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5973\u4eba\u4eec\u5219\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7a0d\u5c0f\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u7b3c\u517b\u9e1f\u7c7b\u3002\u7cbe\u7f8e\u7684\u9e1f\u7b3c\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u6728\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u88c5\u9970\u6709\u73bb\u7483\u3001\u73e0\u5b9d\u548c\u5b9d\u77f3\uff0c\u5f62\u72b6\u50cf\u662f\u57ce\u5821\u3001\u5927\u6559\u5802\uff0816~17\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u6216\u706f\u7b3c\uff0818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u3000\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u65b0\u7231\u597d
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u62d3\u5f20\u548c15~16\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5730\u7406\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u4f7f\u6b27\u6d32\u6536\u83b7\u4e86\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u5947\u5f02\uff08exotique\uff09\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6cd5\u6587\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u6b63\u662f\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5f62\u5bb9\u7684\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u9065\u8fdc\u5f02\u57df\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u62c9\u4f2f\u96f7\uff08Rabelais\uff09\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u4eba\uff0c1552\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u5199\u6885\u8fbe\u6469\u9521\u5c9b\uff08Medamothi\uff09\u6e2f\u53e3\u533a\u7684\u5e02\u573a\uff1a\u6709\u201c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u753b\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u7ec7\u6bef\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u91ce\u517d\u3001\u9c7c\u3001\u9e1f\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6765\u81ea\u8fdc\u65b9\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u201d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5546\u54c1\u662f\u5546\u4eba\u4eec\u4ece\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5947\u5f02\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e16\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u7528\u6765\u5f62\u5bb9\u591a\u5c11\u6709\u70b9\u7c97\u4fd7\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\uff1b\u4ece1645\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6db5\u4e49\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u4ed6\u5927\u9646\u7684\u690d\u7269\u6216\u52a8\u7269\u4e0a\uff1b\u57281650\u5e74\uff0c\u9065\u8fdc\u5f02\u57df\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u88ab\u51a0\u4e0a\u4e86\u201c\u5947\u5f02\u201d\u4e8c\u5b57\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u5bf9\u73cd\u5947\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u65e5\u76ca\u6d53\u539a\uff1b\u4ece\u690d\u7269\u7fa4\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\uff0c\u4ece\u586b\u5145\u6807\u672c\u5230\u6d3b\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u5947\u666f\u5947\u7269\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u611f\u597d\u5947\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u591a\u624d\u591a\u827a\u8005\u5fc5\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u63a2\u7d22\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u9ad8\u96c5\u7684\u4eab\u4e50\u54c1\u4f4d\u548c\u8fc7\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u6f6e\u662f\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d77\u5916\u63a2\u7d22\u63ed\u5f00\u4e86\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u9762\u7eb1\uff0c\u7ed9\u6b27\u6d32\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e0d\u8ba1\u5176\u6570\u7684\u73cd\u7a00\u53e4\u73a9\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u65b0\u5546\u54c1\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5370\u5237\u5a92\u4f53\u4e5f\u63a8\u6ce2\u52a9\u6f9c\uff0c\u4f7f15\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u732e\u5f97\u4ee5\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u53e4\u5178\u4f5c\u5bb6\u559c\u597d\u865a\u6784\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u9a87\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u548c\u5947\u5f62\u602a\u72b6\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u300a\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u300b\uff08NaturalHistory\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u666e\u6797\u5c3c\uff08Pliny\uff09\uff1b\u300a\u53d8\u5f62\u8bb0\u300b\uff08Metamorphoses\uff09\u4f5c\u8005\u5965\u7ef4\u5fb7\uff08Ovid\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u5219\u6b4c\u9882\u4e86\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u521b\u9020\u529b\u2014\u2014\u6700\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u4fbf\u662f\u5f02\u5f62\u602a\u517d\u548c\u73cd\u5947\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u968f\u7740\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u9010\u6e10\u7efd\u653e\u5149\u5f69\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u5f00\u59cb\u4f20\u64ad\uff1a\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u50cf\u5b83\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u571f\u5730\u3001\u5ca9\u77f3\u3001\u690d\u7269\u7b49\uff09\u4e00\u6837\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fef\u89c6\u4e0b\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5141\u8bb8\u5b83\u53d1\u660e\u3001\u6e38\u620f\u5e76\u7528\u7edd\u5999\u800c\u53c8\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u521b\u9020\u7269\u5986\u626e\u6574\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u968f\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u73cd\u5947\u7269\u54c1\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u6602\u8d35\u7684\u7269\u54c1\uff09\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\u4f20\u904d\u4e86\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u843d\u3002\u6700\u521d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u6b64\u70ab\u8000\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9ad8\u8d35\u548c\u4f18\u8d8a\uff1b\u5e0c\u671b\u4f9b\u5e94\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u7f8e\u672f\u5bb6\uff09\u4e5f\u9f13\u52b1\u8fd9\u79cd\u70ed\u6f6e\u3002\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u6536\u85cf\u5168\u65e0\u5b9e\u9645\u7528\u9014\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u6536\u85cf\u827a\u672f\u54c1\uff1b\u5b83\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u8d85\u7136\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5d07\u5c1a\u548c\u5bf9\u5eb8\u4fd7\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u7684\u9119\u89c6\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u62c9\u5927\u4e86\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5176\u4ed6\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e73\u6c11\u767e\u59d3\u6c38\u8fdc\u88ab\u751f\u6d3b\u9700\u8981\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u8003\u8651\u675f\u7f1a\u7740\u3002\u73cd\u54c1\u6536\u85cf\u662f\u5c55\u793a\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8d8a\u663e\u8d6b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u5c31\u8d8a\u8981\u9ad8\u4eba\u4e00\u7b79\u3002\u5982\u679c\u50cf1576~1612\u5e74\u95f4\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\u9c81\u9053\u592b\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Rudolf\u2161\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u6536\u85cf\u8ff7\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f1a\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5728\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u968f\u6ce2\u9010\u6d41\uff0c\u6548\u4eff\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u540c\u50da\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u3000\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u65b0\u7231\u597d\uff1a\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8003\u8651\u5230\u65f6\u95f4\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u8fd0\u8f93\u96be\u5ea6\uff0c\u6536\u85cf\u8005\u4eec\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u9009\u62e9\u5c3a\u5bf8\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u8010\u4e45\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f8\u5bf9\u6613\u5f97\u7684\u73cd\u5947\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u5c31\u662f\u6536\u85cf\u98ce\u6c14\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u53cd\u6620\u3002\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u738b\u516c\u8d35\u65cf\u5f00\u59cb\u6536\u85cf\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7269\u54c1\uff1a\u5982\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u4e00\u4e16\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u56db\u4e16\uff0c\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u516c\u7235\uff0c\u79d1\u897f\u6469\u4e00\u4e16\uff08CosimoI\uff09\uff0c\u6258\u65af\u5361\u7eb3\u5927\u516c\uff0c\u8482\u7f57\u5c14\u7684\u6590\u8fea\u5357\u5927\u516c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5927\u516c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\uff08\u6216\u66f0\u5c55\u793a\u5385\uff09\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u663e\u8457\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u4e2d\u6781\u4e3a\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u8005\uff08\u5982\u83b1\u6602\u7eb3\u591a\u00b7\u8fbe\u6587\u897f\uff09\u3001\u533b\u751f\u548c\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e2d\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u6837\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\uff0c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u5219\u66f4\u751a\u4e8e17\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u968f\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\u3002\u4e8e1727\u5e74\u63a5\u66ff\u725b\u987f\u51fa\u4efb\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u7684\u533b\u751f\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u65af\u9686\u7235\u58eb\uff08SirHansSloane\uff09\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u6700\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fbf\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eab\u8a89\u5168\u6b27\u7684\u8ff7\u4eba\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\uff1b\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73cd\u54c1\uff0c\u6797\u5948\uff08Linnaeus\uff09\u66fe\u4e8e1736\u5e74\u8fdc\u8d74\u82f1\u4f26\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u5f88\u5c11\u662f\u4e13\u9879\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5149\u9648\u5217\u81ea\u7136\u7269\uff08\u77ff\u7269\u3001\u77f3\u5934\u3001\u5316\u77f3\u3001\u690d\u7269\u3001\u6c34\u679c\u3001\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u6807\u672c\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4eba\u9020\u7269\uff08\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u7269\u54c1\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u89c2\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5927\u5343\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7f29\u5f71\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u6c47\u96c6\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u8fe5\u5f02\u73cd\u54c1\u6700\u597d\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u4eba\u3001\u795e\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u521b\u9020\u7269\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5206\u7ea7\u6216\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u65e0\u4ece\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u90fd\u662f\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u8d85\u51e1\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u521b\u9020\u6027\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u65e0\u7a77\u6f5c\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u529b\u91cf\u5f97\u5230\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u7269\u6bd4\u91cd\u56e0\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u5343\u5dee\u4e07\u522b\u3002\u5728\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\uff0c\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u81ea\u7136\u7269\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u4e3a\u9752\u7750\u53e4\u4ee3\u9057\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5317\u6b27\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5730\u57df\u5dee\u522b\u5f00\u59cb\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u9020\u7269\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5fbd\u7ae0\u548c\u53e4\u9057\u7269\u57281730~50\u5e74\u524d\u4f9d\u7136\u5360\u636e\u9996\u4f4d\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5728\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e2d\u7684\u6d41\u884c\uff08\u6cd5\u56fd\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e03\u51af\u7684\u6210\u529f\u548c\u745e\u5178\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u6797\u5948\u7684\u76db\u540d\u5c31\u662f\u8bc1\u636e\uff09\uff0c\u8d1d\u58f3\u3001\u77ff\u7269\u3001\u690d\u7269\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u53d7\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u6536\u85cf\u81ea\u7136\u7269\u4e3a\u671d\u5ef7\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u662f\u7cbe\u901a\u533b\u836f\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u6240\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u6210\u4e86\u4e0a\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u65f6\u5174\u7231\u597d\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c55\u54c1\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u4e13\u9879\u5316\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8d77\u59cb\u4e8e16\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u8def\u8fbe\u5b98\u663e\u8d35\u90fd\u4e50\u6b64\u4e0d\u75b2\uff1a\u7687\u5ba4\u3001\u671d\u5ef7\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u548c\u884c\u7701\u8bf8\u4faf\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u745e\u5178\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0e\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u5e76\u65e0\u4e24\u6837\uff0c\u6797\u5948\u7684\u9f0e\u9f0e\u5927\u540d\u4fc3\u4f7f\u56fd\u738b\u963f\u9053\u5f17\u65af\u00b7\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\uff08AdolphusFrederick\uff09\u3001\u63d0\u5951\u8bfa\u4f2f\u7235\uff08CountofTicino\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8d35\u65cf\u5f00\u59cb\u6536\u85cf\u81ea\u7136\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u300031\u9875\u63d2\u56fe\uff1a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u73cd\u54c1\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\uff0c\u516c\u514317\u4e16\u7eaa\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4ece16\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e00\u76f4\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u6807\u672c\u662f\u6700\u4ee4\u6536\u85cf\u8005\u4eec\u5782\u6d8e\u6b32\u6ef4\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u7269\uff1a\u4e00\u7c7b\u662f\u7578\u5f62\u52a8\u7269\uff0818\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u80da\u80ce\u4e5f\u9976\u6709\u5174\u8da3\uff09\u2014\u2014\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u662f\u5916\u6765\u3001\u5947\u5f02\u6216\u73cd\u7a00\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u65e2\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u6536\u85cf\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6536\u85cf\u8005\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u571f\u751f\u571f\u957f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572817\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u90fd\u662f\u56e0\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5bf8\u6216\u6613\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\u800c\u6613\u4e8e\u6536\u85cf\u7684\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u770b\u4f3c\u666e\u901a\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\u3002\u53c2\u89c2\u8005\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u9c7c\uff08\u952f\u9cd0\u3001\u592a\u9633\u9c7c\u548c\u9ba3\u9c7c\u2014\u2014\u636e\u8bf4\u9ba3\u9c7c\u6709\u8ba9\u8239\u53ea\u6401\u6d45\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff09\uff0c\u6d77\u8c5a\u3001\u9cb8\u3001\u9f20\u6d77\u8c5a\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\u6216\u9aa8\u5934\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u4f53\u79ef\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6574\u4fdd\u5b58\uff09\uff0c\u9f9f\u6216\u72b0\u72f3\u7684\u58f3\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8150\u70c2\u7684\u5e72\u9cc4\u9c7c\u76ae\u6216\u8725\u8734\u76ae\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7532\u58f3\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u6606\u866b\u3001\u8774\u8776\u548c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u2014\u2014\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u9e35\u9e1f\u3001\u9e66\u9e49\u548c\u5de8\u5634\u9e1f\u3002\u56db\u8db3\u52a8\u7269\u5be5\u5be5\u65e0\u51e0\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u5c0f\u586b\u5145\u6807\u672c\uff0c\u50cf\u5927\u8c61\u3001\u7280\u725b\u548c\u77aa\u7f9a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5927\u578b\u52a8\u7269\u5219\u4ee5\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7259\u9f7f\u3001\u89d2\u6216\u9aa8\u5934\u804a\u4f5c\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u6216\u6258\u65af\u5361\u7eb3\u5927\u516c\u7235\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u7cbe\u5fc3\u4fdd\u5b58\uff08\u5b58\u5728\u5e7f\u53e3\u74f6\u4e2d\u6216\u4ee5\u9aa8\u5934\u3001\u9aa8\u67b6\u6216\u586b\u5145\u6807\u672c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4fdd\u5b58\uff09\u7684\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u6807\u672c\u5f80\u5f80\u8fdc\u591a\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u662f\u4e3b\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u5fc5\u7136\u3002\u5982\u6797\u5948\u6240\u5199\uff0c\u745e\u5178\u56fd\u738b\u5728\u4e4c\u5c14\u91cc\u514b\u65af\u8fbe\u5c14\u57ce\u5821\uff08UlriksdalCastle\uff09\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u6613\u4e8e\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u7269\u79cd\uff1a\u201c\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u9152\u7cbe\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6570\u4e0d\u80dc\u6570\u7684\u586b\u5145\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6807\u672c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba1\u5176\u6570\u56fa\u5b9a\u5728\u9488\u5934\u4e0a\u7684\u6606\u866b\u548c\u6446\u653e\u5728\u5c0f\u76d2\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u8d1d\u7c7b\u3002\u201d\u6797\u5948\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u8bb0\u8ff0\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fd\u738b\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u7528\u4ed6\u65b0\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u7ec6\u81f4\u5f52\u7c7b\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u65c5\u884c\u5bb6\u548c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u59d4\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u8d35\u65cf\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u7684\u91cd\u4efb\uff0c\u598216\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u738b\u4faf\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u3002\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u8bfb\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5e38\u89c1\uff08\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u592a\u6709\u8da3\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8d85\u5e38\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5f8b\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u5947\u8ff9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8ff7\u604b\u5e76\u672a\u6d88\u9000\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4eba\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u559c\u7231\u548c\u89ca\u89ce\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u6c42\u77e5\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e16\u95f4\u5947\u8ff9\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u3000\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u65b0\u7231\u597d\uff1a\u73cd\u7a00\u52a8\u7269\u70ed\uff081\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u5b55\u80b2\u4e86\u5bf9\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u6536\u85cf\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u65b0\u70ed\u6f6e\u3002\u5728\u9c81\u9053\u592b\u4e8c\u4e16\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e09\u79cd\u5730\u65b9\u770b\u5230\u73cd\u7a00\u91ce\u517d\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3001\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u52a8\u7269\u800c\u7f16\u5236\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u753b\u518c\u3002\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f\uff0c\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u9009\u4faf\u7684\u57ce\u5821\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u77ff\u7269\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u3001\u6cb9\u753b\u3001\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7ae0\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u5668\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u836f\u5242\u5e08\u548c\u4ed6\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u6728\u4e43\u4f0a\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u9aa8\u9abc\u5c55\u548c\u5728\u6237\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u73cd\u7a00\u52a8\u7269\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\u5c31\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6c11\u95f4\u81f3\u5b9d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u98df\u7cd6\u3001\u9876\u7ea7\u9999\u6599\u548c\u6700\u7f8e\u7684\u5b9d\u77f3\u6216\u6bdb\u76ae\u4e00\u6837\u53d7\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u3002\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u534a\u5c9b\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u80a9\u625b\u9e66\u9e49\u6216\u7334\u5b50\u5916\u51fa\u6563\u6b65\u3002\u53cd\u6539\u9769\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08Counter\u2026Reformation\uff09\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u7687\u548c\u7ea2\u8863\u4e3b\u6559\u4eec\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\u541b\u4e3b\u3001\u7687\u5e1d\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u4e94\u4e16\u3001\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684\u739b\u683c\u4e3d\u7279\uff08MargaretofAustria\uff09\u548c\u51ef\u745f\u7433&#8226\uff1b\u6885\u7b2c\u5947\uff08Catherinede\u2019Medici\uff09\u90fd\u559c\u6b22\u8ba9\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u966a\u4f34\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4f1a\u6a21\u4eff\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u98ce\u5c1a\u5728\u65e7\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u79ef\u7d2f\u548c\u8fdb\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f4e\u4ef7\u4e5f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d8b\u52bf\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u548c\u65e5\u5fd7\u7ecf\u5e38\u63d0\u53ca\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u67d0\u4e9b\u517b\u4e3b\u6240\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u6298\u78e8\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u57281768\u5e74\uff0c\u745e\u5178\u5973\u738b\u51b3\u610f\u8981\u628a\u5979\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u7334\u5b50\u9001\u7ed9\u6797\u5948\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5927\u81e3\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u8fd9\u53ea\u987d\u52a3\u7684\u7334\u5b50\u5fcd\u65e0\u53ef\u5fcd\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5c45\u7136\u4f1a\u626f\u65ad\u4ed6\u4eec\u978b\u5b50\u4e0a\u7684\u5e26\u6263\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u6210\u672c\u4e0a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u541b\u738b\u548c\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u624d\u7b97\u5f97\u4e0a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6536\u85cf\u8005\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u9972\u517b\u6761\u4ef6\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9ad8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\uff0c\u6536\u85cf\u8005\u53ea\u5f97\u4e0d\u65ad\u8865\u5145\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u8bb8\u591a\u5c0f\u8d35\u65cf\u5728\u5185\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6536\u85cf\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u586b\u5145\u6807\u672c\u548c\u6613\u5b58\u6d3b\u7684\u5ec9\u4ef7\u7269\u79cd\u804a\u4ee5\u81ea\u6170\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u738b\u516c\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u8d22\u5bcc\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f3a\u8c03\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4? \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u82e1\u9530\u755b\u6d54\u74ef\u7ade\u9e35\u72b6\u5a4a\u7579\u7267\ue193\u755a\u954f\u81f3\u56ca\u5bb0\u6655\u4fca\uff33\u8c11\u7275\ue0e8\u8c55\ue076\u7b1e\u5b93\u7267\u03b1\u4ea2\u7b52\u8058\u574f\u73ab\u6405\u79c1\ue265\u5f8a\u89d2\u5eb7\u9ccc\uff21\u786a\u73af\u77eb\u59ab\ue0e5\u8a79\u53a5\u5b9c\u6dd9\u69d0\u6d9e\u8ff7\u56bc\u4e1b\u72e1\u5360\u57c3\ue0d0\ue088\ue3ce\u5811\u54ea\u8c20\u8c12\u997a\u8bf5\u707e\u5269\u01d8\ue203\u951e\ue12c\uff11\u8c0e\ue267\u8bd4\u97b4\u7aad\u94ee\u251a\u9f86\ue7c9\u6002\ue3ce\u9063\u86d4\u960b\u733f\u6d5e\u7ec8\u6545\u81fc\u8a79\u5363\u53e9\u7eb3\ue2be\ue34e\uff1c\u8bcd\u4e56\u8c19\u789b\ue48c\u5206\u859c\u56ca\u6da3\u9b47\u8a79\u53a5\u8681\u867f\u5582\u58c5\u53f1\ue7c8\ue013\u7afa\u80d6\ue191\u8785\ue0f0\u5eb5\u667a\u69ad\u9c86\u53c2\u9524\u8c0b\u6d39\uff01\u3000\u3000\u3000?br \/>\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u6d3b\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u75f4\u8ff7\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u8fd8\u4f1a\u4eb2\u81ea\u5411\u5546\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba2\u8d2d\u6216\u6d3e\u4eba\u5bfb\u627e\u73cd\u7a00\u91ce\u517d\u30021682\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ed9\u683c\u6717\u00b7\u5b54\u6234\u4f2f\u7235\uff08teduGrandCond\u00e9\uff09\u5bfb\u627e\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u963f\u535a\u7279\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u00b7\u52d2\u5185\u7279\uff08AbbotBernardLenet\uff09\u901b\u904d\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5546\u5e97\uff1a\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u4e2a\u9e1f\u5546\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4ed6\u6709\u4e00\u53ea\u521a\u4ece\u56e0\u5fb7\u65af\u5f04\u6765\u7684\u73cd\u5947\u5c0f\u9e1f\uff0c\u6211\u53bb\u770b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u53ea\u9e1f\u7684\u5916\u5f62\u548c\u7fbd\u6bdb\u90fd\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u3002\u5b83\u6bd4\u5927\u767e\u7075\u9e1f\u7a0d\u5927\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u901a\u4f53\u706b\u7ea2\uff0c\u5934\u9876\u6709\u51a0\uff0c\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u9e1f\u5544\u4e3a\u5fae\u7ea2\u8272\u3002\u5b83\u4f53\u683c\u5f3a\u58ee\uff0c\u6602\u9996\u633a\u80f8\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u6d3b\u6cfc\uff0c\u80c3\u53e3\u4e5f\u5f88\u597d\u3002\u636e\u9e1f\u5546\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6b4c\u58f0\u5c31\u50cf\u591c\u83ba\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u6ca1\u673a\u4f1a\u6b23\u8d4f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4e5f\u5076\u7136\u542c\u5230\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u58f0\u975e\u5e38\u7f8e\u5999\u52a8\u542c\u7684\u9e23\u53eb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u4fe1\u8fd9\u53ea\u9e1f\u80fd\u6d3b\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u653e\u5f03\u5b83\u3002\u5b83\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u786e\u5b9e\u5f88\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u5f88\u559c\u6b22\u5403\u4e00\u79cd\u53eb\u505aalpiste\u7684\u9e1f\u98df\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c0a\u8d35\u7684\u6bbf\u4e0b\u559c\u6b22\u5b83\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u4e3a\u60a8\u4e70\u4e0b\u5b83\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u81f3\u5c0a\u5730\u4f4d\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u524d\u4e00\u76f4\u672a\u9047\u6311\u6218\u3002\u572816\u548c17\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u4e0e\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u76f8\u5ab2\u7f8e\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5728\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\uff0c\u666e\u62c9\u6258\u5229\u8bfa\uff08Pratolino\uff09\u7684\u5927\u9e1f\u820d\u4e0e\u57ce\u91cc\u7684\u65e7\u72ee\u9986\u4ea4\u76f8\u8f89\u6620\u3002\u4ea8\u5229\u56db\u4e16\u4e5f\u5728\u67ab\u4e39\u767d\u9732\u7684\u5927\u732b\u640f\u6597\u573a\u65c1\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9e1f\u820d\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5149\u5f69\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u9000\uff0c16\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u548c17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u91cc\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u4e86\u9e1f\u7c7b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4ef7\u683c\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u9972\u517b\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u66f4\u52a0\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u9e1f\u820d\u4e3b\u5927\u591a\u662f\u884c\u7701\u9886\u4e3b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u7edd\u5bf9\u3002\u6ce2\u7279\u5170\u4f2f\u7235\uff08EarlofPortland\uff09\u5728\u6d77\u7259\u9644\u8fd1\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9e1f\u820d\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u767e\u9e1f\u4e91\u96c6\u7684\u6c60\u5858\u3002\u5b54\u6234\uff08Cond\u00e9\uff09\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u7684\u7ef4\u8bb7\u4f0a\uff08Vineuil\uff09\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u57281677~1709\u5e74\u95f4\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ea\u517b\u9e1f\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u4ece\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u9e66\u9e49\u548c\u91d1\u521a\u9e66\u9e49\u90fd\u662f\u6700\u53d7\u559c\u7231\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\u9a6c\u514b\u897f\u7c73\u5229\u5b89\u4e8c\u4e16\u4e8e1552\u5e74\u5728\u57c3\u4f2f\u65af\u591a\u592b\uff08Ebersdorf\uff09\u5174\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u517b\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e3b\u8981\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u9e66\u9e49\u3002\u5728\u68b5\u8482\u5188\u6216\u7f57\u9a6c\u7ea2\u8863\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u4f4f\u5904\u4e5f\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9e1f\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9e1f\u820d\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u548c\u8377\u5170\u4eba\u4ece\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u5357\u7f8e\u5e26\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5c0f\u578b\u5947\u5f02\u9e1f\u7c7b\uff08\u6781\u4e50\u9e1f\u3001\u8702\u9e1f\u3001\u91d1\u4e1d\u96c0\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u9e1f\u4e5f\u6709\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u572816\u548c17\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u9664\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9e1f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\uff1a\u9664\u4e86\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\uff0c\u5357\u7f8e\u5927\u9646\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u6d77\u5c9b\u4e5f\u662f\u63a2\u9669\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u70ed\u571f\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u5747\u5bcc\u4ea7\u9e1f\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u9e35\u9e1f\u3001\u5404\u79cd\u9e64\u548c\u82cd\u9e6d\u3001\u51e4\u51a0\u9e1f\u3001\u9e48\u9e55\u548c\u9e2c\u9e5a\u5987\u5b7a\u7686\u77e5\uff0c\u66f4\u73cd\u7a00\u4e5f\u66f4\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u5927\u578b\u9e1f\u5219\u5305\u62ec\u5858\u9e45\u3001\u6e21\u6e21\u9e1f\u3001\u4f01\u9e45\uff08\u53d1\u73b0\u4e8e1598\u548c1599\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u79c3\u9e70\u548c\u98df\u706b\u9e21\u3002\u4e8e1547\u5e74\u4eae\u76f8\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u53ea\u98df\u706b\u9e21\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u8f70\u52a8\uff0c\u79d1\u9686\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\u4e70\u4e0b\u4e86\u5b83\u5e76\u628a\u5b83\u732e\u7ed9\u4e86\u7687\u5e1d\u3002\u572817\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9e1f\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5df2\u77e5\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u6240\u589e\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u50cf\u4ee5\u524d\u90a3\u6837\u65b0\u5947\u800c\u53c8\u73cd\u8d35\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u6781\u5176\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5374\u4e00\u76f4\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u65f6\u9690\u65f6\u73b0\u7684\uff1a\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u67d0\u4e00\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u67d0\u79cd\u9e1f\u7c7b\uff0c\u4f46\u6216\u8bb8\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u518d\u6b21\u5e78\u7779\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9e1f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u89c6\u4f53\u5f62\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u517b\u5728\u9e1f\u820d\u3001\u914d\u6709\u6c34\u6c60\u7684\u7b3c\u5b50\u3001\u6c60\u5858\u751a\u81f3\u4f4f\u5b85\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u572815\u548c16\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u8c6a\u534e\u9e1f\u7b3c\u7528\u6728\u5934\u548c\u73bb\u7483\u5236\u6210\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u6709\u5b9d\u77f3\u88c5\u9970\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08\u57ce\u5821\u3001\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u3001\u6559\u5802\u548c\u5bab\u6bbf\uff09\u548c\u827a\u672f\u98ce\u683c\uff08\u591a\u5229\u65af\u3001\u7231\u5965\u5c3c\u4e9a\u548c\u54e5\u7279\u5f0f\uff09\u4e94\u82b1\u516b\u95e8\u3002\u572817\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u9e1f\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5c42\u51fa\u4e0d\u7a77\uff0c\u4e3b\u65e8\u662f\u6307\u5bfc\u517b\u4e3b\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u201c\u731d\u6b7b\u201d\u548c\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u635f\u5931\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u517b\u6b96\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ca\u9e1f\u7b3c\u548c\u9e1f\u820d\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a\u67d0\u4e9b\u9e1f\u9002\u5408\u517b\u5728\u6728\u7b3c\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u7b3c\u5b50\u5e94\u8be5\u516b\u9762\u901a\u900f\u4ee5\u4fbf\u9e1f\u513f\u719f\u6089\u5468\u8fb9\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4ee5\u5229\u9e1f\u513f\u98de\u7fd4\u3001\u6210\u957f\u5e76\u8fdc\u79bb\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u5fe7\u90c1\u75c7\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u9e1f\u5219\u5e94\u517b\u5728\u6237\u5916\u7684\u94c1\u4e1d\u7f51\u9e1f\u7b3c\u4e2d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9e1f\u7c7b\u5bf9\u738b\u516c\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6536\u85cf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u51a0\u5195\u5802\u7687\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff1a\u6536\u85cf\u9e1f\u7c7b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f7f\u6c47\u7f16\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u5947\u8ff9\u7684\u79cd\u522b\u7eb2\u76ee\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u62ac\u9ad8\u6536\u85cf\u8005\u7684\u58f0\u671b\u3002\u57281665\u5e74\uff0c\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u6e38\u5ba2\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u8d85\u8fc740\u79cd\u6211\u4ece\u672a\u89c1\u8fc7\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u4ece\u672a\u542c\u8bf4\u8fc7\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u201d\u3002\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u6b4c\u58f0\u3001\u5916\u5f62\u548c\u7fbd\u6bdb\u4e5f\u662f\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u9b45\u529b\u6240\u5728\u3002\u9e1f\u7c7b\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u827a\u672f\u6770\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u8ff7\u604b\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u738b\u5ef7\u65e5\u81fb\u5178\u96c5\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u5728\u4e0e\u62c9\u8f9b\uff08Racine\uff09\u3001\u5e03\u74e6\u6d1b\uff08Boileau\uff09\u548c\u83ab\u91cc\u54c0\uff08Moli\u00e8re\uff09\u5171\u6e38\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5bd3\u8a00\u4f5c\u5bb6\u62c9\u65b9\u4e39\uff08LaFontaine\uff09\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u6709\u65e0\u6570\u79cd\u79bd\u9e1f\u548c\u56db\u8db3\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u90fd\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u9065\u8fdc\u5f02\u57df\u7684\u73cd\u7a00\u7269\u79cd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u60ca\u53f9\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u9e1f\u5b55\u751f\u51fa\u591a\u79cd\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u9020\u7269\u5947\u8ff9\uff0c\u79f0\u9882\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u795e\u5947\u6280\u5de7\u548c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u82b1\u5349\u4e2d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6700\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5174\u594b\u7684\u662f\u52aa\u7c73\u5e95\u4e9a\u873b\u8713\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6e14\u9e1f\uff07\u9e48\u9e55\uff07\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9e1f\u7684\u5634\u5df4\u5927\u5f97\u51fa\u5947\uff0c\u6302\u5728\u5634\u4e0b\u7684\u76ae\u56ca\u5c31\u50cf\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u53e3\u888b\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7fbd\u6bdb\u662f\u767d\u8272\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6bd4\u5929\u9e45\u7684\u767d\u8272\u66f4\u4e3a\u9c9c\u4eae\uff1b\u4f46\u9760\u8fd1\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u8089\u8272\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8db3\u90e8\u9644\u8fd1\u5df2\u8fd1\u7c89\u8272\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u5b83\u4eec\u66f4\u7f8e\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e86\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u3000\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u65b0\u7231\u597d\uff1a\u73cd\u7a00\u52a8\u7269\u70ed\uff082\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u91ce\u751f\u751a\u81f3\u5bb6\u517b\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u79bd\u9e1f\u4e5f\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u4e9a\u6d32\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b54\u96c0\u548c\u96c9\uff09\u8fdb\u53e3\u800c\u6765\uff08\u4ece16\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6765\u81ea\u975e\u6d32\uff08\u5982\u73cd\u73e0\u9e21\uff09\u6216\u7f8e\u6d32\uff08\u5982\u706b\u9e21\uff09\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u628a\u540c\u6e90\u540c\u79cd\u7684\u79bd\u9e1f\u517b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u519c\u573a\u3001\u730e\u573a\u6216\u914d\u6709\u68da\u5c4b\u548c\u6c34\u6c60\u7684\u7279\u5efa\u517b\u96c9\u573a\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u79bd\u9e1f\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8fdc\u8d85\u5176\u4ed6\u9e1f\u7c7b\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8d35\u65cf\u4f4f\u5b85\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8eab\u5f71\u3002\u5728\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u517b\u96c9\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u7279\u6743\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6cd5\u56fd\u9886\u4e3b\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u6216\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u90fd\u53ea\u517b\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u572817\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5728\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u3001\u7f8e\u6cc9\u5bab\u3001\u6ce2\u8328\u5766\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u6709\u58f0\u671b\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u4e5f\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u517b\u96c9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u98df\u7528\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u65b0\u5947\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u73cd\u8d35\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u9700\u8981\u7cbe\u5fc3\u5582\u517b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e5f\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u9ad8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u572816\u548c17\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u9910\u684c\u4e0a\u624d\u6709\u96c9\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7cbe\u82f1\u540d\u6d41\u4eec\u5bf9\u5929\u9e45\u3001\u9e64\u548c\u82cd\u9e6d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5927\u578b\u9e1f\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8089\u8d28\u592a\u8fc7\u7c97\u7cd9\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u70f9\u4e3a\u7f8e\u98df\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u66f4\u52a0\u7f8e\u5473\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u9e1f\u7c7b\u5f00\u59cb\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002\u706b\u9e21\u662f17\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u91ce\u5473\uff0c\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5076\u5c14\u4e5f\u6709\u798f\u4eab\u53d7\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u4e00\u76f4\u8f83\u4e3a\u6602\u8d35\u548c\u73cd\u7a00\u7684\u7a1a\u90fd\u662f\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u8089\u9e1f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u9972\u517b\u7528\u9014\u51f8\u663e\u4e86\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u7a98\u5883\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u7687\u5ba4\u548c\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u4f4d\u7235\u4f20\u627f\u3001\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u589e\u957f\u3001\u56ed\u4e3b\u7684\u5947\u601d\u602a\u60f3\u548c\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5230\u6765\u652f\u914d\u7740\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u7531\u9ad8\u96c5\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5929\u5730\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u517b\u96c9\u573a\u6216\u9e21\u98de\u72d7\u8df3\u3001\u732a\u7f8a\u6210\u7fa4\u7684\u519c\u5e84\u3002\u9b4f\u739b\uff08Weimar\uff09\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u65af\u516c\u7235\uff08DukeErnestAugustus\uff09\u4e8e1751\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u4e3a\u538b\u7f29\u6210\u672c\u800c\u524a\u51cf\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u5356\u6389\u4e86\u73cd\u5947\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u53ea\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u517b\u96c9\u573a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u517b\u96c9\u573a\u53ea\u517b\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u88ab\u6446\u4e0a\u9910\u684c\u7684\u5bb6\u79bd\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9e1f\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u730e\u573a\u4e2d\u730e\u83b7\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u653e\u517b\u6000\u80ce\u52a8\u7269\u6765\u4e3a\u730e\u573a\u8865\u5145\u8840\u6db2\u3002\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u79cb\u5bab\uff08KewPalace\uff09\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u9791\u977c\u7684\u96c9\u3002\u57281684~85\u5e74\u7684\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\uff0c\u6709\u5c06\u8fd16000\u53ea\u96c9\u88ab\u653e\u517b\u5230\u730e\u573a\u4e2d\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u96c9\u4e5f\u6210\u4e86\u6e38\u4e50\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u54c1\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u517b\u96c9\u573a\u6210\u4e86\u6210\u672c\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7684\u6b63\u89c4\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u7269\u3002\u5728\u5e03\u5415\u5c14\uff08Br\u00fchl\uff09\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u65af\u57ce\u5821\uff08Augustus\uff0c1747~54\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6ce2\u73c0\u5c14\u65af\u591a\u592b\uff08Poppelsdorf\uff09\u7684\u514b\u83b1\u95e8\u65af\u9c81\u8d6b\u57ce\u5821\uff08Clemensruh\uff0c1758\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5361\u5c14\u65af\u9c81\u5384\u57ce\u5821\uff081764\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u517b\u96c9\u573a\u90fd\u88ab\u5efa\u6210\u6216\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4f11\u95f2\u4e50\u56ed\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5a31\u4e50\u5ba4\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u9910\u3001\u6d88\u9063\u548c\u6b23\u8d4f\u4ee5\u96c9\u548c\u5b54\u96c0\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u2014\u2014\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b54\u96c0\u5f88\u5c11\u6210\u4e3a\u76d8\u4e2d\u7f8e\u9910\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9664\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5947\u5f02\u56db\u8db3\u52a8\u7269\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ecd\u5c5e\u7a00\u6709\u7269\u79cd\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5927\u8c61\u5730\u4f4d\u66a7\u6627\uff0c\u4ecb\u4e8e\u6597\u517d\u548c\u73cd\u8d35\u7684\u53e4\u73a9\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u5f53\u4e8e1574\u5e74\u4e3a\u767b\u4e0a\u6cd5\u56fd\u738b\u4f4d\u800c\u653e\u5f03\u6ce2\u5170\u7684\u4ea8\u5229\u4e09\u4e16\u9014\u5f84\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u65f6\uff0c\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u7687\u5e1d\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u6700\u5947\u5f02\u201d\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\uff1a\u4e00\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4e2a16\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u843d\u8db3\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u548c\u7280\u725b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5be5\u5be5\u65e0\u51e0\uff0c\u9cc4\u9c7c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e00\u53ea\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6536\u85cf\u8005\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u53ea\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u586b\u5145\u6807\u672c\u3002\u66f4\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u7334\u5b50\uff08\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u7684\u4eba\u8fd8\u5206\u4e0d\u592a\u6e05\u695a\u7334\u5b50\u7684\u54c1\u79cd\uff09\u3001\u9e7f\u3001\u77aa\u7f9a\u3001\u7f9a\u7f8a\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u5371\u9669\u6027\u8f83\u5c0f\u3001\u66f4\u6613\u8fd0\u8f93\u800c\u4e14\u540c\u6837\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6ee1\u8db3\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u548c\u6536\u85cf\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5bb6\u517b\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u9a86\u9a7c\u3001\u5355\u5cf0\u9a7c\u3001\u9a6c\u3001\u7ef5\u7f8a\u548c\u5c71\u7f8a\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u591a\u6570\u6765\u81ea\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\uff0c\u4e2a\u522b\u6765\u81ea\u975e\u6d32\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u6d77\u5cb8\u6216\u7f8e\u6d32\u2014\u2014\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u56db\u8db3\u52a8\u7269\u5c11\u4e4b\u53c8\u5c11\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572817\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u4ecd\u65e7\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e3b\u5fc3\u9aa8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6570\u91cf\u6709\u6240\u4e0a\u5347\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5927\u8c61\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u5c31\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u73cd\u7a00\u4e86\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u54c1\u79cd\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\u3002\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6e20\u9053\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\uff1a1640\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8377\u5170\u7684\u51e0\u53ea\u7329\u7329\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6765\u5ba2\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u67091687\u5e74\u6765\u5230\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u7684\u9cc4\u9c7c\uff0c\u4ece\u597d\u671b\u89d2\u6765\u5230\u8461\u8404\u7259\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u9e8b\u7f9a\u548c\u6591\u9a6c\uff0c\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u7684\u6d77\u8c79\uff0c\u6ce2\u8328\u5766\u7684\u7f8e\u6d32\u9a7c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u888b\u9f20\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4e9a\u6d32\u4ecd\u662f\u4e3b\u6e90\uff0c\u7f8e\u6d32\u4ecd\u65e0\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6d32\u5f00\u59cb\u5d2d\u9732\u5934\u89d2\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6d32\u4ecd\u5904\u5728\u4eba\u8ff9\u7f55\u81f3\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e5f\u9884\u793a\u4e8619\u548c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u52a8\u7269\u8fd0\u8f93\u3002\u4f46\u65b0\u6e90\u5934\u5e76\u672a\u53d6\u4ee3\u8001\u57fa\u5730\u30021774\u5e74\u5efa\u4e8e\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u65e2\u4ece\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u3001\u5357\u7f8e\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u8f93\u5165\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u89c6\u76f8\u5173\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u5b83\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5b83\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4f9b\u5e94\u6e90\u4e5f\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u738b\u5ef7\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u662f\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\uff0c\u800c16\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8461\u8404\u7259\u548c\u8377\u5170\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u597d\u671b\u89d2\u6216\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a\u6d77\u6e7e\u8fdb\u53e3\u4e9a\u6d32\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0e\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u4e00\u6837\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u6e90\u5934\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u89e6\u89d2\u4ecd\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5ef6\u4f38\uff0c\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\u3001\u5317\u975e\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u5730\u533a\u5747\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5185\u3002\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u57281664\u5e74\u81f3\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u63a5\u6536\u6e05\u5355\u660e\u663e\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u5317\u975e\u548c\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u6d32\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u4e00\u5b9a\u89d2\u8272\uff08\u7f8e\u6d32\u9a7c\u548c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u51e0\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u72d0\u72f8\u3001\u731e\u7301\u548c\u6d77\u72f8\uff09\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u300018\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u98ce\u666f\u56ed\u70ed\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5bb6\u755c\u7684\u591a\u6837\u5316\u3002\u98ce\u666f\u56ed\u5185\u6709\u88c5\u70b9\u7740\u7f8a\u5708\u548c\u725b\u680f\u7684\u5c0f\u6751\u5e84\uff0c\u8fd9\u6fc0\u8d77\u4e86\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u5bb6\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5174\u8da3\u5e76\u975e\u65b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u738b\u5983\u548c\u516c\u4e3b\u4eec\u5c31\u66fe\u5728\u5979\u4eec\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u91cc\u517b\u8fc7\u98df\u7528\u5bb6\u755c\u3002\u4f46\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e94\u7684\u60c5\u5987\u84ec\u5e15\u675c\u5c14\u592b\u4eba\uff08MmedePompadour\uff09\u628a\u8377\u5170\u5976\u725b\u653e\u5165\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u7279\u91cc\u4e9a\u519c\uff08Trianon\uff09\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u88c5\u9970\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u2026\u5b89\u6258\u74e6\u5c3c\u7279\u5973\u738b\uff08QueenMarie\u2026Antoinette\uff09\u57281785\u5e74\u5f15\u8fdb\u745e\u58eb\u7684\u725b\u548c\u7f8a\u4e5f\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u7f8e\u89c2\u8003\u8651\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9c9c\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u5916\u6765\u755c\u79cd\u6210\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u7a00\u7f55\u7269\uff0c\u6709\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u65e2\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u6536\u85cf\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u4eab\u53d7\u7530\u56ed\u4e4b\u4e50\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u65e0\u9700\u5c48\u5c0a\u4e0e\u7c97\u4fd7\u6c11\u4f17\u4e3a\u4f0d\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0e\u519c\u592b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u4fdd\u4f4f\u4e86\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u989c\u9762\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u52a8\u8361\u7ed3\u675f\u4e4b\u540e\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u6591\u9a6c\u3001\u6052\u4f55\u9e7f\u3001\u9e4c\u9e51\u548c\u91d1\u9c7c\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u8c6a\u5b85\u5185\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff08\u5982\u6ce2\u7279\u5170\u548c\u91cc\u58eb\u6ee1\u516c\u7235\u7684\u8c6a\u5b85\uff09\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6709\u6240\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u7f55\u89c1\u800c\u53c8\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u73cd\u5947\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u961f\u4f0d\u66f4\u52a0\u58ee\u5927\u4e86\u3002\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u9009\u4faf1732\u5e74\u6d3e\u51fa\u7684\u79d1\u8003\u56e2\u662f\u5e26\u7740\u72ee\u5b50\u8fd4\u4e61\u7684\u30021750\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u5415\u5185\u516c\u7235\uff08DukedeLuynes\uff09\u5728\u5386\u6570\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u65f6\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4e09\u53ea\u72ee\u5b50\u3001\u4e24\u53ea\u8001\u864e\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u79c3\u9e6b\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u9e48\u9e55\u3001\u4e00\u5934\u6d77\u8c79\u548c\u4e00\u53ea\u5355\u5cf0\u9a7c\u3002\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u640f\u6597\u7684\u5931\u52bf\u4ee5\u53ca\u5317\u975e\u548c\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u65e5\u6e10\u51cf\u5c11\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u7269\u4ee5\u7a00\u4e3a\u8d35\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\u8d77\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5bf9\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5174\u8da3\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5916\u8868\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u640f\u6597\u80fd\u529b\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u3000\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u98ce\u683c
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6574\u4e2a16\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u6839\u636e\u53ef\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u5c06\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u9972\u517b\u5728\u82b1\u56ed\u3001\u5ead\u9662\u3001\u9644\u5c5e\u5efa\u7b51\u6216\u4f4f\u5b85\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6597\u517d\u3001\u5178\u793c\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u8fd8\u662f\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u3002\u5728\u6602\u5e03\u74e6\u65af\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u4e00\u4e16\u5c06\u5b83\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5206\u517b\u5728\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u3001\u5ead\u9662\u4e2d\u7684\u94c1\u4e1d\u56f4\u680f\u4e2d\u548c\u975e\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5361\u585e\u5c14\uff08Kassel\uff09\u3001\u9a6c\u514b\u897f\u7c73\u5229\u5b89\u4e8c\u4e16\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u57c3\u4f2f\u65af\u591a\u592b\u548c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u9c81\u9053\u592b\u4e8c\u4e16\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5206\u6563\u4e8e\u5e03\u672c\u5c3c\u514b\uff08Bubenec\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u56ed\uff08\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u57ce\u5821\u9644\u8fd1\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u57ce\u5821\u7684\u5ead\u9662\u3001\u62a4\u57ce\u6cb3\u548c\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\u3002\u4ece16\u4e16\u7eaa\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u5854\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u968f\u610f\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1a\u517d\u680f\u3001\u62f1\u9876\u623f\u95f4\u751a\u81f3\u56de\u5eca\u3002\u4f46\u4ece16\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u5e03\u666f\u827a\u672f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u6709\u6761\u7406\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u5b89\u7f6e\u65b9\u6cd5\u9010\u6e10\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u5b85\u90b8\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77 \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u4ece16\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u5e03\u666f\u827a\u672f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u6709\u6761\u7406\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u5b89\u7f6e\u65b9\u6cd5\u9010\u6e10\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u5b85\u90b8\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u3000\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u98ce\u683c\uff1a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u522b\u5885\uff081\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e3a\u907f\u5f0015\u4e16\u7eaa\u90a3\u62d8\u675f\u800c\u53c8\u95ed\u585e\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u8c6a\u5b85\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e16\u5916\u6843\u6e90\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u90ca\u5916\u522b\u5885\uff0c\u5982\u8482\u6c83\u5229\uff08Tivoli\uff09\u7684\u57c3\u65af\u7279\u522b\u5885\uff08Villad\u2019Este\uff09\u3001\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u666e\u62c9\u6258\u5229\u8bfa\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u9ea6\u8fbe\u59c6\uff08Madam\uff09\u3001\u5170\u7279\uff08Lante\uff09\u3001\u6885\u7b2c\u5947\u548c\u8499\u5854\u5c14\u591a\uff08Montaldo\uff09\u522b\u5885\u3002\u53d7\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u718f\u9676\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u6452\u5f03\u4e86\u8001\u5f0f\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u5c01\u95ed\u5f0f\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u55bb\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u5c01\u95ed\u82b1\u56ed\u66fe\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8fdc\u79bb\u66b4\u8650\u3001\u65e0\u5e8f\u3001\u607c\u4eba\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u907f\u96be\u6240\uff0c\u662f\u9690\u79c1\u3001\u601d\u8003\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u4ea4\u8c08\u7684\u6e29\u5e8a\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\uff0c\u82b1\u56ed\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f00\u59cb\u8f6c\u5411\u5f00\u653e\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4e3b\u4eba\u4eec\u63a5\u7eb3\u3001\u89c2\u6469\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u5916\u9762\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u65b0\u522b\u5885\u88c5\u70b9\u7740\u660e\u7a97\u4e0e\u51c9\u5eca\uff0c\u5149\u6c14\u901a\u900f\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u5916\u666f\u800c\u975e\u5185\u9970\u3002\u8eab\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u7eb5\u60c5\u653e\u773c\u82b1\u56e2\u9526\u7c07\u3001\u56db\u65b9\u65f7\u91ce\u548c\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u5730\u5e73\u7ebf\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u5229\u6602\u00b7\u5df4\u8482\u65af\u5854\u00b7\u963f\u5c14\u8d1d\u8482\uff08LeonBattistaAlberti\uff09\u5728\u51761485\u5e74\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300aDereaedificatoria\u300b\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u82b1\u56ed\u662f\u522b\u5885\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u82b1\u56ed\u4e5f\u6210\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u76f8\u9047\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u914d\u4ee5\u5851\u50cf\u548c\u53e4\u6d6e\u96d5\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u91cd\u73b0\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u7ec3\u8eab\u573a\u3001\u5b66\u56ed\u548c\u795e\u5723\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u656c\u610f\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u76f4\u61a7\u61ac\u7740\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\uff08GoldenAge\uff09\u7684\u795e\u8bdd\uff0c\u68a6\u60f3\u7740\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u4e60\u548c\u6b4c\u9882\u795e\u521b\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u8f89\u714c\u548c\u591a\u5f69\u6765\u56de\u5f52\u5c3d\u5584\u5c3d\u7f8e\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u4f17\u751f\u540c\u4e50\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u82b1\u56ed\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u68a6\u60f3\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u9690\u542b\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u98ce\u683c\u4e2d\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u51f8\u663e\u4e86\u4e3b\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u3001\u54c1\u4f4d\u548c\u6743\u529b\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u6807\u6709\u4e3b\u4eba\u7684\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u5947\u89c2\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u6210\u4e86\u4e3b\u4eba\u4eec\u70ab\u793a\u4ed6\u4eec\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\uff09\u7684\u8363\u8a89\u548c\u9ad8\u8d35\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u5219\u4ee5\u4eba\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u88ab\u89c4\u7f6e\u5f97\u4e95\u7136\u6709\u5e8f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u8d85\u51e1\u8131\u4fd7\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5411\u6765\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u8bbf\u5ba2\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u8111\u548c\u773c\u775b\u7684\u98df\u7cae\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u900f\u89c6\u6cd5\u91cd\u5728\u89c6\u7ebf\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8f74\u7ebf\u548c\u89c6\u70b9\u89c4\u5212\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u79cd\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u8d4b\u4e88\u5404\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u6210\u5206\u3002\u5f53\u6765\u5ba2\u8d70\u5411\u9648\u5c55\u7740\u4f1f\u5927\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\uff0c\u4ece\u73af\u7ed5\u522b\u5885\u7684\u82b1\u5e8a\u5230\u7cbe\u5fc3\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u6797\u533a\u518d\u5230\u5730\u5e73\u7ebf\u5904\u7684\u68ee\u6797\uff0c\u4e95\u4e95\u6709\u6761\u7684\u533a\u57df\u8fc7\u6e21\u55bb\u793a\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u81e3\u670d\u3002\u6cc9\u3001\u6eaa\u548c\u7011\u5e03\u968f\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u6c34\u6587\u8981\u7d20\u3001\u6c34\u529b\u673a\u5668\u3001\u6d1e\u7a74\u3001\u51c9\u5eca\u3001\u66f2\u5f84\u6216\u7eff\u8335\u534e\u76d6\u7684\u5c0f\u5df7\u7b49\u4eba\u5de5\u88c5\u9970\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u9a6f\u670d\u662d\u663e\u65e0\u9057\uff1b\u690d\u88ab\u5c48\u5c31\u4e8e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u6c34\u8def\u4e5f\u987a\u4ece\u4e8e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u7c7b\u620f\u5267\u6027\u6784\u601d\u5f97\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u4e0e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u6709\u5173\uff1a\u5bab\u5ef7\u7684\u8c6a\u534e\u6c14\u6d3e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7edf\u6cbb\u624b\u6bb5\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u76db\u884c\u4e8e\u610f\u5927\u5229\u738b\u5ef7\uff0c\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u8282\u5e86\u548c\u80dc\u5229\u6e38\u884c\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u5f97\u5c24\u5176\u660e\u663e\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u5947\u89c2\u7684\u597d\u5947\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4ece\u522b\u5885\u4e2d\u201c\u89e3\u653e\u201d\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u4e86\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u89d2\u843d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u53ec\u5524\u6c34\u6216\u6797\u7684\u5973\u795e\uff0c\u6b4c\u9882\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u9664\u5e72\u71e5\u6cd5\u4fdd\u5b58\u54c1\u4ecd\u5728\u5ba4\u5185\u5c55\u51fa\u5916\uff0c\u73cd\u54c1\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u5ba4\u5916\uff0c\u5c06\u5947\u5f02\u690d\u7269\u548c\u6811\u6728\uff08\u96ea\u677e\u3001\u6a58\u6811\u3001\u6708\u6842\u6811\u3001\u8309\u8389\uff09\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5185\u3002\u5728\u51ac\u5b63\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u88ab\u517b\u62a4\u5728\u6e29\u5ba4\u6216\u6a58\u56ed\u4e2d\u3002\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8bbe\u65bd\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u5f97\u76f8\u5f53\u666e\u53ca\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u51fa\u7cbe\u5f69\u620f\u5267\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5728\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u6885\u7b2c\u5947\uff08FrancisIde\u2019Medici\uff09\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u666e\u62c9\u6258\u5229\u8bfa\u522b\u5885\uff0c\u4f4f\u5b85\u5185\u6709\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u548c\u690d\u7269\u5c55\u9986\u548c\u77ff\u7269\u5c55\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u82b1\u56ed\/\u516c\u56ed\u4e00\u5206\u4e3a\u4e8c\uff1a\u4e00\u534a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5f80\u6614\u7684\u8f89\u714c\uff0c\u4e00\u534a\u9882\u626c\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u5947\u8ff9\u3002\u540e\u8005\u6709\u673a\u68b0\u5267\u573a\uff0c\u73ca\u745a\u4e1b\u751f\u6216\u5047\u4eff\u91d1\u5c5e\u77ff\u548c\u94f6\u77ff\u7684\u5c71\u6d1e\uff0c\u6c34\u529b\u673a\u5668\u548c\u6c34\u6587\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u6a21\u62df\u9e1f\u9e23\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u517b\u7740\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u73cd\u5947\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u9e1f\u820d\uff0c\u517b\u9c7c\u5858\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u51fa\u6ca1\u7740\u91ce\u5154\u3001\u5c71\u7f8a\u548c\u9e67\u9e2a\u7684\u704c\u6728\u6797\u3002\u517b\u5728\u522b\u5885\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5e76\u65e0\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff1a\u6cc9\u6c34\u9c7c\u6c60\u4e2d\u7684\u73cd\u7a00\u6216\u672c\u571f\u9c7c\u7c7b\uff0c\u9e1f\u820d\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\uff08\u5b54\u96c0\u3001\u96c9\u3001\u706b\u9e21\u3001\u73cd\u73e0\u9e21\uff09\u5c0f\u9e1f\u7c7b\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u5219\u5728\u704c\u6728\u6797\u548c\u5468\u8fb9\u533a\u57df\u6d3b\u52a8\u30021693\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u517b\u5154\u573a\u5728\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5df4\u5c14\u5df4\u91cc\u6208\u522b\u5885\uff08VillaBarbarigo\uff09\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u5b83\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u5b89\u5b81\u7684\u907f\u96be\u5730\u548c\u4e61\u6751\u5730\u533a\u5411\u539f\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u56de\u5f52\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u5174\u8d77\u4e8e\u522b\u5885\u53ca\u5176\u4e3b\u82b1\u56ed\u65c1\u8fb9\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u53c8\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u30021573~78\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u7ef4\u6cf0\u535a\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u5728\u5df4\u7eb3\u4e9a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u72e9\u730e\u56ed\u4e2d\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u5170\u7279\u522b\u5885\u3002\u4e3a\u7ed9\u8499\u5854\u5c14\u591a\u522b\u5885\u589e\u6dfb\u4eae\u8272\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u7687\u897f\u514b\u65af\u5854\u65af\u5341\u4e16\uff08SixtusX\uff09\u57281585~88\u5e74\u95f4\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e8665\u516c\u9877\u7684\u571f\u5730\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u3002\u9c8d\u683c\u624d\uff08Borghese\uff09\u3001\u5362\u591a\u7ef4\u897f\uff08Ludovisi\uff09\u3001\u591a\u91cc\u4e9a\uff08Doria\uff09\u548c\u5e9e\u83f2\u5229\uff08Pamphili\uff09\u7b4917\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u522b\u5885\u4e5f\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u56ed\u5927\u591a\u517b\u7740\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8fd8\u7528\u522b\u5177\u5320\u5fc3\u7684\u9053\u8def\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7740\u610f\u6e32\u67d3\u4e86\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u914d\u666f\u827a\u672f\u3002\u5728\u5170\u7279\u522b\u5885\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5c71\u9876\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u662f\u6765\u5ba2\u4eec\u7684\u5fc5\u7ecf\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u8fce\u63a5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u8868\u73b0\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u53cc\u7ffc\u795e\u9a6c\u7684\u55b7\u6cc9\u548c\u7f2a\u65af\u4f17\u795e\u7684\u534a\u8eab\u96d5\u50cf\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u4ed6\u4eec\u5373\u5c06\u767b\u4e0a\u5e15\u7eb3\u585e\u65af\u5c71\uff08MountParnassus\uff09\u2460\u3002\u90c1\u90c1\u8471\u8471\u7684\u51ac\u9752\u6811\u4e5f\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5965\u7ef4\u5fb7\u6240\u5199\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u51ac\u9752\u6811\u5bcc\u4ea7\u871c\u6c41\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6765\u5ba2\u4eec\u53c8\u4f1a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e24\u5ea7\u5206\u522b\u4ee5\u6731\u5e87\u7279\u548c\u9152\u795e\u5df4\u514b\u65af\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u55b7\u6cc9\uff0c\u8fd9\u540c\u6837\u662f\u5bf9\u5f17\u5409\u5c14\u2461\u7b14\u4e0b\u90a3\u4e2a\u7f8e\u9152\u6210\u6eaa\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u3002\u4ee5\u9e7f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u8fd9\u7247\u798f\u5730\u4e0a\u81ea\u7531\u6f2b\u6b65\u3002\u5230\u8fbe\u5c71\u9876\u540e\uff0c\u6765\u5ba2\u4eec\u5c06\u6b65\u5165\u522b\u5885\u540e\u65b9\u7684\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u7684\u55b7\u6cc9\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u6d2a\u6c34\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4e00\u8def\u8d70\u4e0b\u9636\u4e18\uff0c\u6d4f\u89c8\u7f8e\u666f\uff0c\u7a7f\u8fc7\u4e00\u6392\u6392\u7684\u704c\u6728\u6797\u3002\u60ac\u5728\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u5de8\u7f51\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u5929\u7136\u9e1f\u7b3c\uff0c\u9e1f\u7684\u6b4c\u58f0\u4e0e\u6cc9\u5f15\u5c0f\u6eaa\u7684\u6f7a\u6f7a\u6d41\u6c34\u58f0\u4ea4\u7ec7\u8426\u7ed5\u3002\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u9636\uff0c\u4e24\u5ea7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5efa\u7b51\u5145\u5f53\u4e86\u9e1f\u820d\uff0c\u73cd\u79bd\u5f02\u9e1f\u5c3d\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u901a\u5f80\u522b\u5885\u7684\u9053\u8def\u6b62\u4e8e\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u8def\u7684\u5c3d\u5934\uff0c\u5de6\u53f3\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u77ee\u690d\u7269\u5e8a\u5ba3\u544a\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u652f\u914d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u9c8d\u683c\u624d\u522b\u5885\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u8fd9\u5ea7\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u522b\u5885\u662f\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u4e00\u9897\u7480\u74a8\u660e\u73e0\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u620f\u5267\u5316\u4e4b\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u5927\u8fdb\u6b65\u300217\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u6559\u7687\u4fdd\u7f57\u4e94\u4e16\uff08PaulV\uff09\u7684\u5916\u7525\u2014\u2014\u7ea2\u8863\u4e3b\u6559\u897f\u76ae\u5965\u5185\u00b7\u9c8d\u683c\u624d\uff08ScipioneBorghese\uff09\u51b3\u5b9a\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u680b\u522b\u5885\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u7231\u597d\u8005\uff08\u81ea\u5df1\u5c31\u662f\u4e2a\u8bd7\u4eba\uff09\u3001\u827a\u672f\u8ff7\u548c\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u73ed\u5b50\u8f85\u4f50\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u4ed6\u60f3\u8ba9\u4ed6\u7684\u522b\u5885\u6210\u4e3a\u827a\u672f\u3001\u690d\u7269\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u7684\u5723\u5730\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u7684\u4ec1\u539a\u6177\u6168\u548c\u535a\u5b66\u591a\u95fb\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u4ece1608\u5e74\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u52301628\u5e74\u3002\u6700\u521d\u7531\u5f17\u62c9\u7c73\u5c3c\u5965\u00b7\u84ec\u9f50\u5965\uff08FlaminioPonzio\uff09\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u522b\u5885\u6700\u7ec8\u7531G\u00b7\u74e6\u8d5e\u9f50\u4e9a\uff08G\u3002Vasanzia\uff09\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u74e6\u8d5e\u9f50\u4e9a\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u89c6\u6b63\u9762\u5916\u89c2\u2014\u2014\u96d5\u5851\u54c1\u548c\u6d45\u6d6e\u96d5\u70b9\u7f00\u56db\u5904\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u53e4\u96d5\u50cf\u9526\u4e0a\u6dfb\u82b1\u3002\u53cc\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u65e2\u6709\u63a5\u5f85\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u73cd\u54c1\u5c55\u5385\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5f53\u4ee3\u548c\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u8457\u540d\u6cb9\u753b\u548c\u96d5\u5851\u4f5c\u54c1\u9648\u5217\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8d1d\u5c14\u5c3c\u5c3c\uff08Bernini\uff09\u7684\u300a\u963f\u6ce2\u7f57\u548c\u8fbe\u8299\u59ae\u300b\uff08ApolloandDaphne\uff09\u548c\u96d5\u523b\u5bb6\u4ee5\u5f17\u6240\u4e4b\u963f\u52a0\u5e0c\u4e9a\u65af\uff08AgasiasofEphesus\uff09\u7684\u300a\u89d2\u6597\u58eb\u300b\uff08Gladiator\uff09\u7b49\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u3000\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u98ce\u683c\uff1a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u522b\u5885\uff082\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6237\u5916\uff0c\u534e\u7f8e\u5b9c\u4eba\u7684\u73af\u5883\u8ba9\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u8d77\u963f\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5de8\u4eba\uff08TitanAtlas\uff09\u4e4b\u5973\u8d6b\u65af\u5e15\u91cc\u5f97\u65af\uff08Hesperides\uff09\u7684\u82b1\u56ed\u2462\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u4e0e\u73cd\u5947\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u76f8\u6620\u6210\u8da3\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5927\u6bbf\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4e3b\u82b1\u56ed\u7531\u4e00\u7247\u7247\u5e38\u9752\u6811\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u9519\u7efc\u5c0f\u5f84\u7a7f\u63d2\u4e8e\u6811\u5f71\u5a46\u5a11\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5b57\u8def\u53e3\u90fd\u6709\u55b7\u6cc9\u548c\u96d5\u50cf\u88c5\u886c\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8c6a\u5b85\u540e\u90e8\u7684\u201c\u900f\u666f\u82b1\u56ed\uff08perspectivegarden\uff09\u201d\u662f\u7ea2\u8863\u4e3b\u6559\u53ca\u5176\u4eb2\u670b\u5bc6\u53cb\u7684\u4e13\u5c5e\u5730\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7eff\u6811\u6210\u884c\uff0c\u6797\u4e0b\u704c\u4e1b\u5df2\u88ab\u6e05\u9664\uff0c\u5851\u50cf\u548c\u6d45\u6d6e\u96d5\u8425\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u53e4\u4ee3\u679c\u56ed\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\u3002\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u65c1\u8fb9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4f1a\u653e\u51fa\u77aa\u7f9a\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u7247\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\u81ea\u7531\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5728\u522b\u5885\u7684\u4e24\u4fa7\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6bd7\u90bb\u827a\u672f\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4e24\u5ea7\u201c\u795e\u79d8\u201d\u82b1\u56ed\u662f\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u5947\u8ff9\u7684\u9882\u6b4c\uff1a\u201c\u5fe7\u90c1\u201d\u82b1\u56ed\u8d5e\u7f8e\u4e16\u95f4\u7684\u6c81\u4eba\u9999\u5473\uff0c\u57f9\u80b2\u7740\u73cd\u7a00\u67d1\u6a58\u7c7b\u679c\u6811\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u5ea7\u4ee5\u8272\u5f69\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u6709\u6700\u73cd\u8d35\u7684\u82b1\u5349\u548c\u4e00\u5ea7\u5efa\u4e8e1617~19\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u9e1f\u820d\u3002\u9e1f\u820d\u7531\u4e24\u5ea7\u5e26\u6709\u5c71\u5f62\u94c1\u4e1d\u7f51\u9876\u7bf7\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u5efa\u7b51\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u6c60\u4e2d\u79ef\u96e8\u53ef\u4f9b\u9e1f\u513f\u996e\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u6765\u5ba2\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u6570\u4e2a\u65b9\u4f4d\u6b23\u8d4f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73cd\u5947\u9e1f\u7c7b\u3002\u9e1f\u820d\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u58c1\u753b\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u9e1f\u8bed\u82b1\u9999\u7684\u4e61\u91ce\u98ce\u8c8c\uff0c\u9075\u4ece\u6280\u5de7\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u76f8\u878d\u5408\u7684\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u58c1\u753b\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7b\u89c9\uff0c\u88ab\u56da\u7981\u7684\u9e1f\u513f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u522b\u5885\u540e\u90e8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ead\u9662\u91cc\u66fe\u517b\u7740\u5bb6\u79bd\u548c\u73cd\u5947\u7684\u9e21\u5f62\u76ee\u79bd\u9e1f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u65c1\u8fb9\uff0c\u5d0e\u5c96\u4e0d\u5e73\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u519c\u8015\u4e61\u571f\u4e0a\u5750\u843d\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a40\u516c\u9877\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u3002\u56ed\u4e2d\u6240\u503c\u6797\u6728\uff08\u6709\u4e9b\u8fdb\u53e3\u81ea\u4e1c\u65b9\uff0c\u5982\u60ac\u94c3\u6728\uff09\u518d\u73b0\u4e86\u72c2\u91ce\u4e0d\u7f81\u7684\u539f\u5473\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u795e\u5723\u8bba\u575b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u751f\u606f\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6548\u679c\uff1a\u9e7f\u3001\u91ce\u5154\u548c\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u5c71\u7f8a\u95f2\u6b65\u77ee\u6797\uff1b\u5929\u9e45\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6c34\u6816\u52a8\u7269\u7545\u6e38\u6e56\u6ce2\uff1b\u96c9\u3001\u5b54\u96c0\u548c\u9e2d\u5b50\u5728\u79bd\u820d\u4e2d\u5b09\u620f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u8fc7\u522b\u5885\u7684\u7a97\u6237\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u8fd8\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u72e9\u730e\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u5728\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u516c\u56ed\u4e2d\u591a\u4e86\u4e4c\u9f9f\u548c\u72ee\u5b50\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e5f\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e86\u8001\u864e\u3001\u718a\u3001\u72fc\u548c\u91ce\u732a\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u50cf\u5170\u7279\u522b\u5885\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u9c8d\u683c\u624d\u522b\u5885\u7684\u9053\u8def\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u914d\u666f\u827a\u672f\u589e\u8272\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u6b63\u95e8\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6765\u5ba2\u4eec\u5c06\u4f9d\u6b21\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e3b\u82b1\u56ed\u3001\u6bbf\u5185\u5385\u5802\u3001\u795e\u79d8\u82b1\u56ed\u548c\u900f\u666f\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6e38\u89c8\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u7a7f\u8fc7\u4e00\u7247\u65b0\u683d\u57f9\u7684\u8513\u751f\u690d\u7269\u548c\u73cd\u5947\u82b1\u5349\u533a\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9053\u5927\u95e8\u79bb\u5f00\u522b\u5885\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u4e09\u90e8\u66f2\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5347\u7ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u7136\uff08\u4e3b\u82b1\u56ed\uff09\u5230\u827a\u672f\uff08\u6bbf\u5802\uff09\u548c\u690d\u7269\uff08\u679c\u6811\u548c\u82b1\u5349\uff09\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u533a\uff1b\u7136\u540e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u964d\u7ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u6587\u5316\u533a\u518d\u56de\u5230\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u7136\uff08\u900f\u666f\u82b1\u56ed\uff09\u548c\u201c\u8352\u91ce\u201d\uff08\u516c\u56ed\uff09\uff1b\u6700\u540e\u7684\u5347\u7ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u79cd\u690d\u533a\uff09\u5ba3\u544a\u4e86\u5bf9\u519c\u8015\u4e61\u571f\u7684\u56de\u5f52\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u6e10\u53d8\u90fd\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6216\u751f\u52a8\u6216\u8fdf\u6ede\u3001\u6216\u5185\u90e8\u6216\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u6df7\u6742\u6216\u4ea4\u878d\u4e2d\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u3000\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u98ce\u683c\uff1a\u7f57\u9a6c\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4f20\u64ad
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u98ce\u683c\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u71a0\u71a0\u751f\u8f89\uff0c\u4f46\u6574\u4e2a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u5546\u4eba\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u5b64\u9ad8\u81ea\u50b2\u7684\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u4fbf\u5bf9\u5b83\u4e0d\u592a\u70ed\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u7684\u522b\u5885\u4e0e\u519c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u76d1\u7763\u571f\u5730\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u89c2\u8d4f\u82b1\u56ed\u7559\u4e0b\u591a\u5c11\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u5b89\u5fb7\u91cc\u4e9a\u00b7\u5e15\u62c9\u8fea\u5965\uff08AndreaPalladio\uff09\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\u6709\u852c\u83dc\u533a\u548c\u679c\u56ed\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u8fd8\u6709\u82b1\u5349\u56ed\u4ee5\u53ca\u517b\u6b96\u7528\u7684\u519c\u573a\u3001\u9c7c\u5858\u548c\u9e3d\u623f\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u82b1\u56ed\u6210\u4e3a\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u89c4\u6a21\u6709\u6240\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u8fd8\u88c5\u9970\u4e0a\u4e86\u73cd\u7a00\u8349\u672c\u690d\u7269\u548c\u6811\u6728\u3002\u5df2\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u5e76\u8d4b\u4e88\u5f02\u56fd\u98ce\u5473\uff08\u56e0\u800c\u53d7\u4eba\u559c\u7231\uff09\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u7406\u5ff5\u6b63\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7efd\u653e\u5149\u8292\uff0c\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u6df1\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u620f\u5267\u6027\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5174\u8d77\u3002\u5e73\u5eb8\u533a\u57df\u9690\u800c\u4e0d\u89c1\uff1b\u6c34\u6587\u8981\u7d20\u3001\u55b7\u6cc9\u3001\u6d1e\u7a74\u3001\u66f2\u5f84\u3001\u96d5\u50cf\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5206\u6025\u5267\u589e\u591a\u3002\u9e1f\u820d\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u4f46\u6d41\u884c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u9644\u5c5e\u516c\u56ed\u5219\u4ecd\u5c5e\u7f55\u89c1\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u7f57\u9a6c\u98ce\u683c\u8fc5\u901f\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u6240\u63a5\u7eb3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u6709\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u6784\u6210\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u6d1e\u7a74\u3001\u55b7\u6cc9\u7b49\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5f0f\u5e03\u666f\u827a\u672f\u901a\u8fc7\u900f\u89c6\u6280\u5de7\u548c\u8c61\u5f81\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8981\u7d20\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u548c\u751f\u52a8\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u4ea8\u5229\u56db\u4e16\u5728\u5723\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u6602\u83b1\u6548\u4eff\u4e86\u666e\u62c9\u6258\u5229\u8bfa\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u9e1f\u820d\u548c\u6a21\u62df\u9e1f\u9e23\u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u4eba\u9020\u7269\u6df7\u5408\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u653f\u5c40\u5927\u4e71\u4e14\u96c6\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u6700\u7ec8\u57ae\u53f0\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u672a\u80fd\u91c7\u7eb3\u7f57\u9a6c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ecd\u65e7\u949f\u60c5\u4e8e\u5c01\u95ed\u5f0f\u5ead\u9662\u4e24\u7ffc\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572817\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u6587\u732e\u5c06\u914d\u666f\u827a\u672f\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5e38\u5e38\u5ffd\u7565\u4e8616\u4e16\u7eaa\u8bbe\u8ba1\u98ce\u683c\uff08\u4e0d\u592a\u7b26\u5408\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89c2\u5ff5\uff09\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u53ea\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5bf9\u89c6\u89c9\u6548\u679c\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u00b7\u6469\u52d2\uff08Andr\u00e9Mollet\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u56ed\u6797\u89c2\u8d4f\u300b\uff08Jardindeplaisir\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u82b1\u56ed\u5c31\u662f\u82b1\u5703\u3001\u8349\u576a\u3001\u704c\u6728\u6797\u548c\u4f18\u96c5\u5c0f\u9053\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u82b1\u56ed\u5c3d\u5584\u5c3d\u7f8e\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u96d5\u50cf\u653e\u5728\u57fa\u5ea7\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c06\u5c71\u6d1e\u5efa\u5728\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e3a\u5b97\u65e8\u8ba9\u9053\u8def\u6210\u68af\u72b6\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u5fd8\u4e86\u9e1f\u820d\u3001\u55b7\u6cc9\u3001\u6c34\u6587\u5c55\u793a\u3001\u6cb3\u9053\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8be5\u7c7b\u88c5\u9970\u7269\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u8bbe\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u5b8c\u7f8e\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6210\u5206\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u901a\u4fd7\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u662f\u738b\u516c\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6210\u672c\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u9e1f\u820d\u751a\u81f3\u517b\u96c9\u573a\u4ecd\u662f\u6700\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u82b1\u56ed\u8981\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c55\u793a\u7740\u73cd\u5947\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u57ce\u5821\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7b26\u5408\u610f\u5927\u5229\u914d\u666f\u827a\u672f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7406\u5ff5\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u9886\u5730\u540c\u6837\u98ce\u9761\u4e00\u65f6\u3002\u5728\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u7684\u4e3d\u6c60\uff08BuenRetiro\uff09\u7687\u5bb6\u57ce\u5821\uff0c\u516c\u56ed\u4e2d\u6709\u5c0f\u5f84\u3001\u6e56\u3001\u8305\u5e90\u3001\u5c71\u6d1e\u3001\u6c99\u9f99\u548c\u5c0f\u9644\u5c5e\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u6709\u5c11\u91cf\u52a8\u7269\u70b9\u7f00\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5f17\u817e\u5df4\u514b\uff08JosephFurtenbach\uff09\u5728\u5199\u4e8e17\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u5e26\u6709\u5168\u90e8\u5178\u578b\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u9c7c\u5858\u3001\u94c1\u4e1d\u7f51\u9e1f\u820d\u548c\u704c\u6728\u6797\u4e2d\u7684\u9e1f\u7f51\uff09\u7684\u82b1\u56ed\u914d\u666f\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd8\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86? \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u80cd\u515c\u5948\u607c\u8f6e\u80c1\u5524\u973e\u8d61\u95ea\u821c\ue266\u8165\ue06f\u5eb7\u6e6b\u9e35\ue02a\u5140\u00f2\ue3cb\u3113\u95fe\u75e2\u247b\ue31a\u5ba2\ue257\u88c6\u5cb7\u51f8\u55c4\u7396\u79cd\u68b0\u54ea\u88e2\ue236\u2511\u5e55\u3114\u82ad\u6e1a\u80fa\u01ce\ue0d6\u83c7\u90ae\u82b0\u8258\u736f\u7f44\ue377\u964d\u5893\ue091\u82ad\u6e1a\u80fa\u0101\ue000\ue00f\ue3cb\u3113\u7cdc\u8bd2\uff1b\u305a\u9000\u8304\ue243\u80f1\u6742\u4f1e\u8019\u5427\ue2f0\u500d\ue203\u950f\u95f9\u53c2\u9516\u5f92\u3116\ue468\uff21\u786a\u73af\u77eb\u59ab\ue0d6\u3114\u6602\u51f8\ue091\u7238\u5f8a\u8fd8\ue438\u5594\u7ca2\u60f6\u9e7e\u7adf\u62c5\ue0f0\u996c\u948d\u53f3\u6848\ue3c7\u6d8c\ue01f\ue060\ue0d1\ue25a\u53f6\u55cc\u500c\uff1a\ue42a\u5b8b\u5e55\ue1ef\u59a5\u5300\u574f\u725f\u754b\u7a39?6\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba4\u53ef\u8fd9\u7c7b\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u8428\u5c14\u8328\u5821\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\u4fbf\u66fe\u57281615\u5e74\u505a\u51fa\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u9c81\u9053\u592b\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u6d77\u5c14\u5e03\u5362\u6069\uff09\u548c\u6590\u8fea\u5357\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08\u5728\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\uff09\u4e5f\u6a21\u4eff\u4e86\u666e\u62c9\u6258\u5229\u6d1b\u522b\u5885\u3002\u4f46\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u968f\u540e\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\u65f6\u671f\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fd0\u52a8\u9677\u4e8e\u505c\u6ede\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u57281680~90\u5e74\u95f4\u6d6e\u51fa\u6c34\u9762\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u3000\u65f6\u8da3
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6709\u798f\u8fdb\u5165\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5927\u591a\u662f\u56ed\u4e3b\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u6216\u8eab\u4efd\u663e\u8d6b\u7684\u8d35\u5bbe\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u73cd\u54c1\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u65e0\u4e24\u6837\u3002\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u9c81\u9053\u592b\u4e8c\u4e16\u6781\u91cd\u9690\u79c1\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u5c55\u793a\u4ed6\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6709\u751f\u547d\u8fd8\u662f\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u89c6\u793e\u4ea4\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5b85\u4e3b\u4eec\u5c24\u5176\u6e34\u671b\u5ba3\u626c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8363\u8000\u3001\u6743\u529b\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4fee\u517b\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u60f3\u8fce\u5408\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u62a5\u7eb8\u548c\u4e66\u7c4d\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u516c\u4f17\u89c2\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u572817\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u82b1\u56ed\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u5e94\u6f6e\u6d41\u800c\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u6210\u4e86\u65c5\u6e38\u6307\u5357\u4e2d\u7684\u4eae\u70b9\u3002\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u57ce\u5185\u7684\u8c6a\u5b85\u548c\u5e02\u90ca\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u5e84\u56ed\u3002\u50cf\u7279\u91cc\u4e9a\u519c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f11\u95f2\u4e50\u56ed\u5219\u9690\u853d\u5728\u4e61\u6751\u6216\u516c\u56ed\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ecd\u65e7\u662f\u4e1c\u9053\u4e3b\u4e0e\u5176\u5bc6\u53cb\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u54c8\u5229\u6cd5\u514b\u65af\u52cb\u7235\u5728\u5317\u5b89\u666e\u6566\u90e1\u7684\u970d\u987f\u8c6a\u5b85\u5efa\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u7684\u8fdc\u79bb\u516c\u4f17\u89c6\u7ebf\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4e16\u5916\u6843\u6e90\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u63a5\u5f85\u5ba4\uff0c\u4e24\u4fa7\u5404\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u5f0f\u5ead\u9662\uff0c\u9662\u4e2d\u517b\u7740\u864e\u3001\u718a\u3001\u9e73\u3001\u6d63\u718a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u522b\u5885\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u655e\u5f00\u5927\u95e8\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8499\u7530\uff08Montaigne\uff09\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u53c2\u89c2\u4e86\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u7684\u666e\u62c9\u6258\u5229\u8bfa\u3002\u5728\u5170\u7279\u548c\u9c8d\u683c\u624d\u522b\u5885\uff0c\u82b1\u56ed\u548c\u516c\u56ed\u5728\u4e3b\u6559\u53ca\u5176\u968f\u4ece\u5728\u5bb6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u516c\u4f17\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u5165\u56ed\u6e38\u89c8\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u4e0d\u5728\u5bab\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6301\u7968\u8fdb\u5165\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u5e03\u74e6\u6d1b\u3001\u83ab\u91cc\u54c0\u3001\u62c9\u8f9b\u548c\u62c9\u65b9\u4e39\u4e8e1669\u5e74\u6e38\u89c8\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u65f6\u4fbf\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u56fd\u738b\u540e\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u5f00\u653e\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u6f6e\u6c34\u822c\u6d8c\u6765\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u4ee4\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u5e94\u63a5\u4e0d\u6687\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u4e8e1682\u5e74\u6700\u7ec8\u8fc1\u5165\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u8feb\u4f7f\u4ed6\u57281685\u548c1699\u5e74\u4e24\u5ea6\u4e0b\u4ee4\u9650\u5165\u5bab\u5ef7\u3002\u4f46\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e24\u6b21\u90fd\u88ab\u6700\u7ec8\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u6743\u5fc5\u987b\u4f53\u6064\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7279\u91cc\u4e9a\u519c\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0e\u541b\u738b\u9690\u79c1\u7684\u5171\u5b58\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u8d77\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u5373\u53ef\u81ea\u7531\u6e38\u89c8\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u5728\u6574\u4e2a18\u4e16\u7eaa\u5185\u518d\u65e0\u969c\u788d\u3002\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u5854\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u541b\u4e3b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u5927\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e5f\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f4f\u5904\u76f8\u8ddd\u751a\u8fdc\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u7f8e\u6cc9\u5bab\u548c\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5965\u6797\u5947\u738b\u5b50\uff08PrinceofOrange\uff09\u7684\u7f57\u5bab\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u3000\u65f6\u8da3\uff1a\u516c\u5171\u573a\u6240
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9664\u4e86\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u5206\u6743\u5236\u8861\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u57ce\u9547\u5efa\u6709\u5c0f\u578b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u653f\u5e9c\u56e2\u7ed3\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b89\u4eab\u957f\u671f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u72ec\u7acb\uff08\u5982\u610f\u5927\u5229\u534a\u5c9b\u548c\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u9886\u5730\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u83b7\u76ca\u4e8e\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u5dde\u90e1\u6216\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\uff08\u5982\u745e\u58eb\u8054\u90a6\u548c\u8377\u5170\u8054\u90a6\uff09\u3002\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u6709\u72ee\u548c\u9e70\uff1b16\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u66fe\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u517d\u680f\u4e2d\u9972\u517b\u96c4\u9e7f\u3002\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u548c\u574e\u5f6d\uff08Kampen\uff09\u5728\u5854\u4e2d\u517b\u72ee\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u8377\u5170\u57ce\u5e02\u6709\u5929\u9e45\u516c\u56ed\u3002\u5728\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u3001\u4f2f\u5c14\u5c3c\u548c\u5362\u585e\u6069\uff08Lucerne\uff09\u7b49\u745e\u58eb\u57ce\u5e02\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c1\u5230\u718a\u56ed\u30021513\u5e74\uff0c\u4f2f\u5c14\u5c3c\u96c7\u4f63\u5175\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u7f34\u83b7\u4e86\u4e00\u5934\u718a\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u718a\u5e26\u56de\u8001\u5bb6\u540e\uff0c\u4f2f\u5c14\u5c3c\u7684\u718a\u56ed\u6210\u4e86\u6c38\u4e45\u718a\u56ed\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u57ce\u9547\u6b63\u5728\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u6a21\u4eff\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u50cf\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\uff09\u89c6\u4f5c\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u57ce\u9547\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u662f\u738b\u516c\u8d35\u65cf\u8d60\u9001\u6216\u6258\u7ba1\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u3002\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u586b\u5145\u6807\u672c\u5c31\u662f\u8d60\u793c\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u9cc4\u9c7c\u6807\u672c\uff0c\u4ece18\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9cc4\u9c7c\u5c31\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u5723\u7ecf\u4e2d\u7684\u90aa\u6076\u6d77\u602a\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u5e38\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u9b54\u4e0d\u80dc\u6b63\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u60ac\u6302\u5728\u6559\u5802\u62f1\u9876\u3002\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u4eec\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4f1a\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u5404\u7c7b\u65c5\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\u59d4\u6258\u67d0\u4e9b\u57ce\u5e02\u7167\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u516c\u4f17\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u50cf\u53e4\u4ee3\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u6b23\u8d4f\u5230\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5de1\u56de\u827a\u4eba\u529f\u52b3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u827a\u4eba\u4e50\u4e8e\u6e38\u5386\u4e8e\u5404\u4e2a\u57ce\u9547\uff0c\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u5c55\u793a\u7ed9\u5f53\u5730\u6c11\u4f17\u2014\u2014\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u571f\u751f\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u8df3\u821e\u3001\u505a\u6e38\u620f\u6216\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u91ce\u517d\u640f\u6597\u7684\u718a\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u8fd8\u6709\u730e\u83b7\u7684\u72fc\u6216\u91ce\u732a\uff0c\u4f46\u65f1\u736d\u4e5f\u65f6\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\uff08\u6bd4\u598218\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u76ae\u57c3\u8499\u7279\u5c0f\u5b69\u4eec\u7684\u65f1\u736d\uff09\u3002\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u572816~18\u4e16\u7eaa\u6709\u6240\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u72ee\u5b50\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6700\u73cd\u5947\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u66fe\u5149\u4e34\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u53ea\u8001\u864e\u6e38\u904d\u4e86\u610f\u5927\u5229\u534a\u5c9b\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e1478\u5e74\u843d\u811a\u90fd\u7075\u3002\u4e00\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u57281550\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u6765\u5230\u4e86\u5965\u5730\u5229\uff1b\u6839\u7279\u57281642\u5e74\u3001\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u57281765\u5e74\u3001\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u57281770\u5e74\u3001\u90fd\u7075\u57281774\u5e74\u90fd\u66fe\u8fce\u6765\u5927\u8c61\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u5f88\u96be\u5f04\u6e05\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5934\uff09\u3002\u5927\u8c61\u6c49\u65af\u80af\uff08Hansken\uff09\u7eb5\u6e38\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u65e0\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u597d\u5947\uff0c\u4fe8\u7136\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5934\u540d\u8c61\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u4e8e1627\u5e74\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u9c81\u6602\uff0c1628\u5e74\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6839\u7279\uff0c1630\u5e74\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\uff0c1631\u5e74\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u571f\u4f26\uff0c1633\u5e74\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8377\u5170\u3002\u8377\u5170\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8239\u957f\u4e8e1747\u5e74\u4ece\u4e9a\u6d32\u8fdb\u53e3\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u73cd\u7a00\u7280\u725b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5c06\u5979\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u514b\u62c9\u62c9\uff08Clara\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528\u9a6c\u8f66\u62c9\u7740\u5979\u4e1c\u5954\u897f\u8d70\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u3002\u8239\u957f\u5927\u53d1\u6a2a\u8d22\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b23\u8d4f\u8fd9\u5934\u7280\u725b\u662f\u8981\u4ed8\u94b1\u7684\u3002\u514b\u62c9\u62c9\u548c\u8239\u957f\u66fe\u4e8e1747\u5e74\u5230\u8bbf\u8377\u5170\uff0c1748\u5e74\u5230\u8bbf\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u9886\u5730\uff0c1749\u5e74\u5230\u8bbf\u6cd5\u56fd\uff08\u5170\u65af\u3001\u5df4\u9ece\u3001\u91cc\u6602\u3001\u5357\u65b9\u5730\u533a\uff09\uff0c1750~51\u5e74\u5230\u8bbf\u7f57\u9a6c\u3001\u90a3\u4e0d\u52d2\u65af\u548c\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5404\u8def\u5de1\u56de\u827a\u4eba\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9f50\u805a\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u7684\u5c55\u89c8\u4f1a\u4e0a\u3002\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u8d44\u6599\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\uff08\u53c2\u5c55\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\uff0c\u5e7f\u544a\u4f20\u5355\uff0c\u6295\u8bc9\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u5728\u5170\u65af\uff0c\u67093\/4\u7684\u827a\u4eba\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6765\u81ea\u5df4\u9ece\u76c6\u5730\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u662f\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u6216\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e26\u9886\u4e00\u5e2e\u6f14\u5458\u548c\u6742\u800d\u9ad8\u624b\u5728\u6728\u5c4b\u548c\u56f4\u680f\u4e2d\u6302\u724c\u5f00\u5f20\uff0c\u9760\u5c55\u793a\u52a8\u7269\u8d5a\u94b1\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u53ea\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u603b\u7684\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u5728\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u591a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\uff1a\u7280\u725b\u3001\u5927\u8c61\u3001\u9a86\u9a7c\u3001\u9e35\u9e1f\u3001\u6d77\u8c79\u3001\u6d77\u8c5a\u3001\u9cc4\u9c7c\u3001\u9b23\u8725\u3001\u864e\u3001\u8c79\u3001\u718a\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u7c7b\u53d7\u8fc7\u6216\u672a\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u7334\u5b50\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6709\u5927\u6d77\u96c0\u3002\u76db\u5927\u7684\u5723\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5c55\u89c8\u4f1a\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c55\u4f1a\u5728\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u4e8c\u6708\u81f3\u56db\u6708\u95f4\u53ec\u5f00\uff0c\u603b\u80fd\u5438\u5f15\u6765\u81ea\u56db\u9762\u516b\u65b9\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u5de1\u6f14\u827a\u4eba\u3002\u540d\u526f\u5176\u5b9e\u7684\u5de1\u6e38\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u6570\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5404\u56fd\u548c\u5404\u57ce\u9547\u4e4b\u95f4\u5de1\u56de\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5e38\u8bbe\u52a8\u7269\u96c6\u5e02\u4e5f\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u767b\u4e0a\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u821e\u53f0\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8fdb\u53e3\u67a2\u7ebd\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u9996\u5f53\u5176\u51b2\u3002BlaauwJan\u517c\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u65c5\u9986\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u84dd\u67d3\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u94c1\u4e1d\u7b3c\u91cc\u5c55\u793a\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u4ed8\u8d39\u5165\u573a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u559d\u5564\u9152\u548c\u8461\u8404\u9152\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u60f3\u73a9\u591a\u4e45\u5c31\u73a9\u591a\u4e45\u3002\u7ecf\u7406\u628a\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5e26\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u201c\u5e99\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5356\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u57281752\u5e74\u5356\u7ed9\u7f8e\u6cc9\u5bab\u7684\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\uff0c1773\u5e74\u5f00\u653e\u4e8e\u65af\u7279\u5170\uff08Strand\uff09\u7684Exeter\u2019Change\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u7740\u70ed\u5e26\u690d\u7269\u7684\u5c0f\u7b3c\u5b50\u5c55\u793a\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u5e02\u96c6\u644a\u8d29\u4eec\u79df\u7528\u585e\u7eb3\u6cb3\u7554\u6216\u795e\u5e99\u5927\u9053\uff08BoulevardduTemple\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u65f6\u88c5\u5e97\uff0c\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u5c55\u793a\u6216\u51fa\u552e\u7334\u5b50\u3001\u72ee\u5b50\u3001\u9e1f\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u3000\u6536\u85cf\u70ed\uff0816\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u3000\u65f6\u8da3\uff1a\u73cd\u5947\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9b45\u529b
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u5c55\u603b\u662f\u5927\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u57281682\u5e74\u7684\u90fd\u67cf\u6797\uff0c\u4e00\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u7684\u5c38\u4f53\u4fbf\u5f15\u6765\u65e0\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u56f4\u89c2\u2014\u2014\u7531\u4e8e\u95e8\u7968\u6602\u8d35\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\u5728\u5927\u8c61\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u65e0\u798f\u4e00\u7779\u5b83\u7684\u5c0a\u5bb9\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c1763\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u5355\u5cf0\u9a7c\u548c1771\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u5934\u201c\u8868\u6f14\u201d\u8c61\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u8f70\u52a8\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u4ecb\u610f\u5728\u591c\u5e02\u4e0a\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\u6df7\u6742\u4e00\u5904\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u6b23\u8d4f\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e70\u4e0d\u8d77\u6216\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u96be\u5f97\u4e00\u89c1\u7684\u73cd\u5947\u91ce\u517d\u3002\u5c31\u8fde\u541b\u4e3b\u4e5f\u96be\u9003\u70ed\u6f6e\uff1a\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u8fc7\u7684\u90a3\u4f4d\u8377\u5170\u8239\u957f\u5c06\u7280\u725b\u514b\u62c9\u62c9\u5c55\u793a\u7ed9\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u738b\u62d2\u7edd\u4e70\u4e0b\u5979\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8239\u957f\u8981\u4ef7\u9ad8\u8fbe100000\u57c3\u5c45\uff01\u3002\u5965\u6797\u5947\u7684\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e94\u4e16\u548c\u7687\u5e1d\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u4e8c\u4e16\u66fe\u5206\u522b\u4e8e1776\u5e74\u548c1781\u5e74\u5149\u4e34BlaauwJan\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u73cd\u5947\u91ce\u517d\u751a\u81f3\u80fd\u5f15\u9886\u65f6\u5c1a\u6f6e\u6d41\u3002\u514b\u62c9\u62c9\u5c31\u523a\u6fc0\u4e86\u7280\u725b\u5370\u5237\u54c1\u3001\u7248\u753b\u548c\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u7684\u9500\u552e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd8\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u7280\u725b\u4e1d\u5e26\u3001\u9a6c\u5177\u3001\u8f6f\u5e3d\u3001\u5047\u53d1\u751a\u81f3\u53d1\u578b\u3002\u5de1\u56de\u827a\u4eba\u548c\u5546\u8d29\u4e5f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6a21\u4eff\uff0c\u572817\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8377\u5170\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\uff0c\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u901a\u8fc7\u8d2d\u4e70\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6765\u6a21\u4eff\u8d35\u65cf\u662f\u666e\u904d\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u6700\u5927\u3001\u6700\u73cd\u5947\u6216\u6700\u201c\u51f6\u731b\u201d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u60ef\u4e8e\u6839\u636e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u6765\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u514b\u62c9\u591a\u514b\u592b\u4eba\uff08Mrs\u3002Cradock\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\u9887\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u3002\u57281784\u5e74\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u5723\u00b7\u6d1b\u6717\u5c55\u89c8\u4f1a\uff08Saint\u2026Laurentfair\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u5979\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u5934\u6d77\u72ee\uff1a\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u53ea\u975e\u5e38\u5947\u7279\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\u6d77\u5ce1\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u53ea\u52a8\u7269\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8c79\u5b50\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u8111\u888b\u3001\u660e\u4eae\u7684\u5927\u773c\u775b\u3001\u72ee\u5b50\u822c\u7684\u5229\u9f7f\u548c\u957f\u957f\u7684\u89e6\u987b\uff1b\u5934\u90e8\u4e0b\u65b9\u6709\u4e00\u5bf9\u9ccd\u72b6\u77ed\u80a2\uff0c\u80a2\u7aef\u7684\u8e7c\u638c\u5c31\u50cf\u9e45\u638c\uff0c\u5e26\u67095\u53ea\u6709\u529b\u7684\u722a\u7259\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u8eaf\u4f53\u5927\u7ea6\u67095\u82f1\u5c3a\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e2d\u90e8\u80a5\u5927\uff0c\u582a\u6bd4\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u72d7\uff1b\u540e\u90e8\u5448\u9c7c\u5c3e\u5f62\uff0c\u4e24\u8fb9\u5404\u6709\u4e00\u9ccd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7247\u9ccd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4e00\u53ea\u72d7\u7684\u540e\u8db3\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u77ed\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c31\u50cf\u524d\u9ccd\u4e00\u6837\u672b\u7aef\u6709\u722a\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u76ae\u80a4\u5149\u6ed1\u65e0\u9cde\uff0c\u6070\u4f3c\u9cdd\u9c7c\uff0c\u5448\u6697\u7070\u8272\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u6709\u6591\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u6df7\u6709\u9ed1\u8272\u3002\u5b83\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u8d2a\u5403\uff0c\u72fc\u541e\u864e\u54bd\u5730\u4eab\u7528\u7740\u5582\u7ed9\u5b83\u7684\u751f\u9c7c\u3002\u5b83\u76f8\u5f53\u9a6f\u987a\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u9972\u517b\u5458\u62e5\u62b1\u5b83\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f1a\u9075\u7167\u4ed6\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u62ac\u8d77\u5934\u6765\u5927\u58f0\u55b7\u6c14\u3002\u6211\u4ece\u6ca1\u89c1\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e48\u602a\u5f02\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4eba\u4eec\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u8f83\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u89e3\u5256\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53e4\u65f6\u7684\u5e0c\u7f57\u591a\u5fb7\u548c\u666e\u6797\u5c3c\u5c31\u66fe\u91c7\u7528\u8fc7\u3002\u6709\u4e86\u53c2\u7167\u70b9\uff0c\u63cf\u7ed8\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u591a\u5f69\u751f\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u62ff\u9646\u5730\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u6765\u63a8\u6d4b\u6d77\u6d0b\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\uff0c\u60f3\u50cf\u51fa\u4e86\u50cf\u6d77\u725b\u548c\u6d77\u8c61\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5b55\u751f\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u800c\u4e14\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u672a\u6cef\u706d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u6709\u5173\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5947\u601d\u602a\u60f3\u76f4\u63a5\u521b\u9020\u5947\u5f02\u6216\u6df7\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u602a\u517d\u548c\u4eba\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u4e5f\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u98df\u6027\u548c\u98df\u91cf\u9976\u6709\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u4e86\u89e3\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u52a8\u7269\u602a\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u57281741~51\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4f5c\u8005\u60ca\u559c\u4ea4\u52a0\u5730\u5927\u8c08\u7280\u725b\u514b\u62c9\u62c9\u72c2\u541e\u8c6a\u996e50\u78c5\u5e72\u8349\u300115\u6761\u9762\u5305\u548c15\u6876\u6c34\u7684\u5947\u4e8b\u3002\u996e\u98df\u7279\u70b9\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u91ce\u517d\u6027\u60c5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e2d\u770b\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u51f6\u6b8b\u8fd8\u662f\u6e29\u987a\u3002\u652f\u914d\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u70ed\u95e8\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9a6f\u670d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\u5929\u8d4b\u6216\u795e\u6388\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u652f\u914d\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u79cd\u6216\u9065\u8fdc\u5f02\u57df\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5bf9\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u6216\u5927\u8c61\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4eb2\u773c\u6240\u89c1\u8fd8\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u56fe\u50cf\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u5b83\u4eec\u6a21\u4eff\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u68c0\u9a8c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u667a\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\uff08\u53e4\u5178\u4f5c\u5bb6\u4eec\u65e9\u5df2\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u60df\u4e00\u62e5\u6709\u7406\u6027\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u751f\u7269\u3002\u57281770\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\uff0c\u4e00\u5934\u806a\u660e\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u8c61\u4ee4\u516c\u4f17\u5982\u75f4\u5982\u72c2\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5f00\u542f\u9152\u74f6\uff0c\u559d\u8461\u8404\u9152\u6216\u767d\u5170\u5730\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u50cf\u6a21\u50cf\u6837\u5730\u5480\u56bc\u70df\u8349\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u827a\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u8038\u4eba\u5671\u5934\u7684\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u548c\u62e5\u8db8\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5438\u5f15\u987e\u5ba2\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u5f3a\u8c03\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5e9e\u5927\u8eaf\u4f53\u3001\u53e4\u602a\u6742\u5f02\u4e4b\u5904\u6216\u5947\u7279\u7684\u5916\u8868\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u613f\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8d77\u540d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u666e\u904d\u6ca1\u6709\u6587\u5316\u6216\u4fe1\u606f\u95ed\u585e\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u89c6\u82e5\u5e73\u5e38\uff1b\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u4f20\u64ad\u7f13\u6162\uff0c\u9274\u8bc1\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u827a\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u771f\u4f2a\u96be\u8fa8\u3002\u57281774\u5e74\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u540d\u4e3a\u5188\u5188\uff08Gangan\uff09\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u65e0\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba\u7684\u8111\u888b\u3001\u5927\u8c61\u7684\u773c\u775b\u3001\u7280\u725b\u7684\u8033\u6735\u3001\u86c7\u7684\u8116\u5b50\u548c\u6d77\u72f8\u7684\u5c3e\u5df4\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u5934\u9a86\u9a7c\u800c\u5df2\uff01\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u827a\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5229\u7528\u8fde\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6562\u6f20\u89c6\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u6216\u5723\u7ecf\u795e\u8bdd\u6765\u963b\u788d\u4eba\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u66f4\u4e3a\u5408\u7406\u4e5f\u672a\u88ab\u66f2\u89e3\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u57281750\u5e74\u7684\u5723\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5c55\u89c8\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u827a\u4eba\u5ba3\u79f0\u4ed6\u7684\u9e48\u9e55\u4f1a\u6253\u5f00\u809a\u5b50\u5582\u517b\u5e7c\u4ed4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5728\u6697\u6307\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u8282\uff08\u8d5e\u7f8e\u8bd7102\uff1a6\uff09\u2014\u2014\u53d7\u8fd9\u9996\u8bd7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u65e9\u5c31\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u4e86\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u57281754\u5e74\u7684\u5170\u65af\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u827a\u4eba\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u9b23\u8725\u9f13\u5439\u6210\u4e86\u666e\u6797\u5c3c\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u86c7\u602a\u3002\u5b83\u80fd\u5c06\u8eab\u4e0b\u7684\u77f3\u5934\u70e4\u7126\uff0c\u7528\u5267\u6bd2\u6740\u6b7b\u6240\u6709\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u7528\u76ee\u5149\u51b0\u51bb\u4efb\u4f55\u7272\u755c\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u548c\u547c\u5438\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8bdd\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8c2c\u8bba\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u827a\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u5145\u5206\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u91ce\u517d\u7684\u4eff\u4eba\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u51fa\u81ea\u5bf9\u4e00\u5207\u65b0\u5947\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7231\u597d\u3002\u5c55\u89c8\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8868\u6f14\u7740\u4e94\u82b1\u516b\u95e8\u7684\u5404\u5f0f\u628a\u620f\u3002\u72d7\u548c\u9a6c\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6f14\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u9e7f\u3001\u4f1a\u62c9\u8f66\u6216\u7b97\u6570\u7684\u9e1f\u548c\u4f1a\u6572\u9f13\u7684\u91ce\u5154\uff0c1804\u5e74\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u751a\u81f3\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4f1a\u62c9\u8f66\u7684\u8df3\u86a4\u548c\u6325\u7740\u7a3b\u8349\u51b3\u6597\u7684\u4e24\u53ea\u82cd\u8747\uff01\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8da3\u5473\u8868\u6f14\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u7cbe\u5f69\u4e86\u3002\u5170\u65af \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n 04\u5e74\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u751a\u81f3\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4f1a\u62c9\u8f66\u7684\u8df3\u86a4\u548c\u6325\u7740\u7a3b\u8349\u51b3\u6597\u7684\u4e24\u53ea\u82cd\u8747\uff01\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8da3\u5473\u8868\u6f14\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u7cbe\u5f69\u4e86\u3002\u5170\u65af\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u5148\u751f\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u72d7\u7334\u201c\u5b66\u9662\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72d7\u548c\u7334\u5b50\u5168\u90fd\u7a7f\u6210\u58eb\u5175\u6216\u52b3\u5de5\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u4f1a\u653b\u57ce\u3001\u73a9\u724c\u3001\u8df3\u821e\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u4e0a\u684c\u8fdb\u9910\u3002\u7334\u5b50\u662f\u6700\u53d7\u5ba0\u7231\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u57281714\u5e74\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u7334\u5b50\u5e38\u6253\u626e\u6210\u4e11\u89d2\u3001\u6b65\u5175\u6216\u5e74\u8f7b\u5973\u58eb\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5411\u4eba\u656c\u793c\uff0c\u4f1a\u5728\u6905\u5b50\u4e0a\u6b63\u895f\u5371\u5750\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u8868\u6f14\u6b65\u5175\u6280\u80fd\u548c\u6742\u6280\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e5f\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6742\u6280\u3001\u6728\u5076\u620f\u3001\u8d70\u94a2\u4e1d\u3001\u9b54\u672f\u548c\u529b\u91cf\u8868\u6f14\u4e0a\u7684\u5929\u8d4b\u3002\u8721\u50cf\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u88c5\u7f6e\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u76ae\u5f71\u620f\u3001\u89c6\u89c9\u7279\u6548\u548c\u6c34\u5229\u673a\u68b0\u4e5f\u6d41\u884c\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d8b\u52bf\u90fd\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e8b\u7269\u6b63\u5e38\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff1a\u8ba9\u7269\u4f53\u81ea\u6211\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u8ba9\u52a8\u7269\u6a21\u4eff\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d8\u4e3a\u8d85\u4eba\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u5947\u8ff9\u3001\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u602a\u7269\u4e5f\u8fce\u5408\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8d85\u5e38\u6027\u7684\u559c\u597d\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5c55\u793a\u4f1a\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u7578\u5f62\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u5934\u4e0e\u5b6a\u751f\u6bcd\u725b\u8fde\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u5de8\u578b\u516c\u725b\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u6709\u4e94\u53ea\u811a\u7684\u7334\u5b50\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u5339\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u6761\u817f\u7684\u9a6c\u3002\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u5927\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff1a\u5982\u4f8f\u5112\u3001\u5de8\u4eba\u3001\u6bdb\u5b69\u6216\u5f3a\u58ee\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u57281668\u5e74\u7684\u5723\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5c55\u89c8\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u53eb\u514b\u9c81\u5c14\uff08Cruel\uff09\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u5973\u5927\u529b\u58eb\u7528\u5979\u7684\u5934\u53d1\u63d0\u8d77\u4e86\u91cd\u8fbe400\u78c5\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u767d\u5316\u9ed1\u4eba\u4e5f\u662f\u5c55\u54c1\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u57281747\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd8\u89c1\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7684\u5b50\u5bab\u91cc\u5f85\u4e8631\u5e74\uff08\u6700\u7ec8\u6d3b\u523062\u5c81\uff09\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9664\u4e86\u7531\u8d35\u65cf\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u76db\u5927\u6f14\u51fa\uff0c\u827a\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u718a\u3001\u72ee\u3001\u91ce\u732a\u4e4b\u95f4\u6216\u516c\u725b\u4e0e\u731b\u72ac\u7684\u640f\u6597\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u8868\u6f14\u540c\u6837\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u6b23\u8d4f\u8d85\u5e38\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u89c2\u4f17\u4eec\u81ea\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u672c\u6027\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4e13\u7528\u573a\u5730\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u5174\u8d77\u4e8e\u5404\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53c8\u88ab\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u4e86\u30021755\u5e74\u5efa\u4e8e\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u7684\u8d6b\u8328\u5267\u9662\uff08HertzTheatre\uff09\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u4f8b\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u5f00\u653e\u4e8e\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u6c83\u514b\u65af\u970d\u5c14\uff08Vauxhall\uff09\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u640f\u6597\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u9a6f\u72ee\u3001\u9b54\u672f\u3001\u6728\u5076\u620f\u548c\u6454\u8de4\u8868\u6f14\u3002\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6027\u201c\u516c\u725b\u640f\u6597\u201d\u8d77\u59cb\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u585e\u592b\u52d2\u95e8\uff08S\u00e8vresgate\uff09\uff0c1780\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e86ChemindePantin\u3002\u5b83\u603b\u662f\u4e8e\u661f\u671f\u65e5\u4e0b\u5348\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u8282\u65e5\uff08\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8282\u65e5\uff09\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5706\u5f62\u5267\u573a\u4e0a\u6f14\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u731b\u72ac\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6216\u516c\u725b\u7684\u640f\u6597\uff0c\u4ee5\u72d7\u548c\u9a74\u7684\u5bf9\u51b3\u4e3a\u5c3e\u58f0\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u65b0\u573a\u6240\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u662f18\u4e16\u7eaa\u6e38\u4e50\u573a\u591a\u6837\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\u6700\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u5219\u56e0\u793e\u4f1a\u6392\u65a5\u548c\u5bf9\u66b4\u529b\u4e89\u6597\u7684\u538c\u6076\u800c\u5bf9\u5176\u4e0d\u5c51\u4e00\u987e\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u3000\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff081\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5bf9\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u62b5\u5236\u4e4b\u58f0\u521d\u73b0\u4e8e\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u300a\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\uff08Encyclop\u00e9die\uff09\u75db\u65a5\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u7a77\u4eba\u8fde\u9762\u5305\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u6467\u6bc1\uff1b\u5f53\u5904\u5904\u6709\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9965\u997f\uff0c\u8017\u8d39\u5de8\u8d44\u53bb\u5582\u517b\u91ce\u517d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u803b\u8fb1\u3002\u201d\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5168\u4e66\u4e5f\u8c34\u8d23\u4e86\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u72e9\u730e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08\u6bc1\u6389\u4e86\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6210\u679c\uff09\u3001\u5bf9\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5e72\u6d89\u3001\u5bf9\u6ee5\u7528\u519c\u4e1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u548c\u80fd\u6e90\u6d6a\u8d39\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4fd7\u4e16\u73cd\u54c1\u7684\u504f\u89c1\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728\u5927\u9769\u547d\u65f6\u671f\u5bff\u7ec8\u6b63\u5bdd\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u9762\u5411\u6574\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u800c\u975e\u5c11\u6570\u663e\u8d35\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u52a8\u7269\u5929\u5730\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\uff08JardindesPlantes\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u7684JardinduRoi\uff09\u4f17\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4e0b\u767b\u4e0a\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u821e\u53f0\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u90fd\u8ffd\u968f\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u5bf9\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6297\u62d2\u7206\u53d1\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u6839\u6e90\u662f\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f0f\u4e3b\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u62b5\u5236\u3002\u540e\u8005\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u906d\u9047\u6297\u4e89\u5e76\u4e00\u8d25\u6d82\u5730\u7684\u8150\u673d\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u82b1\u56ed\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u538b\u5236\u6620\u5c04\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u5e03\u91cc\u5947\u66fc\uff08CharlesBridgeman\uff09\u548c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u80af\u7279\uff08WilliamKent\uff09\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u548c\u5b9e\u5e72\u5bb6\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u4e3b\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u9694\u7edd\u4e8e\u5468\u8fb9\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4eba\u4e3a\u6784\u9020\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u81ea\u7136\u81e3\u670d\u4e8e\u62b9\u715e\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6574\u9f50\u5ea6\u548c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u5904\u4eba\u4eba\u611f\u53d7\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u800c\u53c8\u65e0\u804a\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u6d41\u884c\u4e8e\u5d07\u5c1a\u9002\u5ea6\u3001\u53d7\u63a7\u548c\u5206\u6563\u5316\u653f\u6743\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u8d35\u65cf\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u6587\u63a2\u8ba8\u5b83\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u548c\u671d\u5ef7\u5bf9\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7f3a\u4e4f\u91cd\u89c6\u662f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u6444\u653f\u738b\u5356\u6389\u548c\u9001\u6389\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u60f3\u6e05\u9664\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u9732\u9aa8\u8c61\u5f81\u5e76\u547c\u5524\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5206\u5272\u3002\u4e8e1722\u5e74\u8fd4\u56de\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u7684\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e94\u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u592a\u5173\u6ce8\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ece\u672a\u5165\u56ed\u4e00\u6e38\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6bd4\u4ed6\u70ed\u5fc3\u591a\u5c11\uff0c\u5728\u7ed8\u5236\u4e8e1781\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u526f\u6307\u793a\u7687\u5ba4\u6563\u6b65\u573a\u6240\u548c\u8def\u7ebf\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e94\u5bf9\u73cd\u5947\u52a8\u7269\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u6bcf\u5f53\u4ed6\u6765\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6216\u9014\u7ecf\u9996\u90fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u90fd\u4f1a\u6d3e\u4eba\u628a\u52a8\u7269\u5e26\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u4f4f\u5904\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba8\u538c\u7684\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u5c55\u793a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u620f\u5267\u6027\u548c\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u541b\u738b\u4eec\u4e0d\u592a\u559c\u6b22\u592a\u9633\u738b\u6240\u949f\u7231\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u8003\u7a76\u5178\u793c\u548c\u7e41\u6587\u7f1b\u8282\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u573a\u9762\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u7ef4\u6301\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u79c1\u4e0b\u91cc\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u5c0f\u5b85\u90b8\u6216\u4fee\u517b\u5904\u8eb2\u8eb2\u6e05\u9759\u3002\u5728\u8def\u6613\u5341\u516d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u5728\u661f\u671f\u5929\u6216\u8282\u5e86\u6d3b\u52a8\u65f6\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u8f6c\uff1b\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4eec\u559c\u6b22\u5f85\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u6216\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u57ce\u5821\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7279\u91cc\u4e9a\u519c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6210\u4e86\u541b\u738b\u4eec\u7684\u4e50\u56ed\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e94\u548c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u739b\u4e3d\u2026\u5b89\u6258\u74e6\u5c3c\u7279\u4e13\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u96c6\u56e2\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u4f11\u95f2\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u672c\u571f\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u8377\u5170\u5976\u725b\u3001\u73cd\u7a00\u96cc\u79bd\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u9e3d\u5b50\uff09\u8425\u9020\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u6c1b\u56f4\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e5f\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e86\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u516c\u56ed\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5916\u89c2\u53d8\u5316\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u7ecf\u6452\u5f03\u4e86\u51e0\u4f55\u4e25\u683c\u6027\uff1b\u77ee\u6797\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u8302\u5bc6\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u739b\u4e3d\u2026\u5b89\u6258\u74e6\u5c3c\u7279\u5728\u7279\u91cc\u4e9a\u519c\u6751\u7684\u53c8\u4e00\u4e2a\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u56ed\u6797\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u9884\u7b97\u524a\u51cf\u548c\u9769\u65b0\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u5ef6\u671f\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u7834\u8d25\u4e0d\u582a\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u4f9b\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf\u51fa\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5ead\u9662\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u7247\u6cbc\u6cfd\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fdb\u5165\u738b\u4faf\u79c1\u4eba\u82b1\u56ed\uff08\u66f4\u522b\u8bf4\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u82b1\u56ed\u4e86\uff09\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u4ecd\u4f1a\u5230\u8bbf\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002\u5c31\u5728\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e94\u548c\u84ec\u5e15\u675c\u5c14\u592b\u4eba\u5728\u7279\u91cc\u4e9a\u519c\u900d\u9065\u5feb\u6d3b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u5973\u738b\u66fe\u6570\u6b21\u6e38\u89c8\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u9769\u65b0\u76f8\u7ee7\u4e8e1750\u30011774\u30011782\u548c1791\u5e74\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e73\u8861\uff1a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u671d\u5ef7\u5bf9\u8fd9\u5ea7\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6ca1\u6709\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u4e0d\u8ba1\u5176\u6570\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5411\u65b0\u6765\u52a8\u7269\u655e\u5f00\u7740\u5927\u95e8\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4e00\u5934\u53cc\u89d2\u7280\u725b\u548c\u4e00\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u5206\u522b\u4e8e1770\u5e74\u548c1775\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5165\u4f4f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u50cf\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u90a3\u6837\u98ce\u5149\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u518d\u6b21\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u2014\u2014\u767e\u5e74\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6c34\u5e73\u5df2\u7ecf\u4eca\u975e\u6614\u6bd4\u4e86\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u7687\u5ba4\u5728\u5927\u9769\u547d\u70c8\u706b\u4e2d\u9003\u5f80\u5df4\u9ece\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e8e1791\u5e74\u56e0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u88ab\u6539\u9020\u4e86\uff0c\u5927\u6279\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u30021792\u5e748\u670810\u65e5\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u96c5\u5404\u5bbe\u6d3e\u6765\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e13\u5236\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u5c06\u7334\u3001\u9e7f\u548c\u9e1f\u9001\u7ed9\u4e86\u76ae\u8d27\u5546\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba1\u5212\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u79cd\u9a6c\u573a\uff0c\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u8fd0\u8f93\u548c\u519b\u961f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u53d6\u4ee3\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u7528\u7684\u91ce\u517d\u3002\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6279\u52a8\u7269\u4f9b\u7ed9\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u4e39\u00b7\u5fb7\u5723\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\uff08BernardindeSaint\u2026Pierre\uff09\uff0c\u671f\u671b\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5236\u6210\u586b\u5145\u6807\u672c\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u5c55\u9986\u5c55\u51fa\uff0c\u8d77\u5230\u201c\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u4e39\u00b7\u5fb7\u5723\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u8d5e\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ed9\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u516c\u4f1a\uff08FrenchNationalConvention\uff09\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u201c\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a1790\u5e74\u5c31\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u52a8\u8bae\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff1b\u7531\u4e8e\u573a\u5730\u5df2\u7ecf\u51c6\u5907\u5c31\u7eea\uff0c\u5b83\u6700\u7ec8\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u4e39\u00b7\u5fb7\u5723\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u53ea\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u738b\u56fd\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u6bd4\u8f83\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u76f4\u8a00\u5021\u8bae\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5f15\u5165\u3001\u9a6f\u517b\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u3002\u56f4\u7ed5\u56fd\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u672f\u7d20\u6750\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u65e0\u7528\u6027\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u756a\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ea\u662f\u6b21\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0d\u50cf\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u90a3\u6837\u6ce8\u91cd\u5916\u89c2\u548c\u5962\u534e\u6392\u573a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u9119\u89c6\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u6602\u4e14\u7eaf\u5c5e\u591a\u4f59\uff0c\u662f\u8d5e\u7f8e\u81ea\u8eab\u5374\u538b\u69a8\u81e3\u6c11\u7684\u6d6e\u5938\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u6743\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u8bae\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6452\u5f03\u6240\u6709\u5962\u4f88\u865a\u9970\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u4e13\u4f9b\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c06\u7ed9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e26\u6765\u79d1\u6280\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u5c06\u5b83\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6539\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8c61\u5f81\u8fd9\u79cd\u89d2\u8272\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u6539\u53d8\u52a8\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u5c06\u4f7f\u65b0\u673a\u6784\u4e0e\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u6743\u53ca\u5176\u536b\u9053\u58eb\u7684\u672c\u6027\u5212\u6e05\u754c\u9650\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u51f6\u731b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5e94\u8be5\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u731b\u517d\u662f\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5316\u8eab\uff0c\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\u5f31\u8089\u5f3a\u98df\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e13\u5236\u66b4\u653f\u626c\u5a01\u6b63\u540d\u3002\u6e29\u987a\u52a8\u7269\u8f6c\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u9752\u7750\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u516c\u7528\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u4e0b\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5bd3\u6307\u8f9b\u52e4\u52b3\u4f5c\u7684\u5168\u4f53\u516c\u6c11\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u3000\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff082\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5ba1\u5224\u548c\u5904\u51b3\u8def\u6613\u5341\u516d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u5185\u90e8\u77db\u76fe\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u81f4\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u51b3\u7b56\u90fd\u88ab\u63a8\u8fdf\u4e86\u3002\u9996\u6b21\u76f8\u5173\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u7531\u5df4\u9ece\u8b66\u65b9\u505a\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e8e1793\u5e74\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u5728\u516c\u5171\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u8d54\u507f\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u60f3\u6267\u884c1790\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1a\u5e02\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u201c\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u9884\u9632\u6216\u8865\u6551\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u4eba\u6216\u53d1\u72c2\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u6027\u731b\u517d\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u4e0d\u5e78\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u201d\uff1b\u4e5f\u6216\u8bb8\u4ed6\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5919\u613f\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6536\u5bb9\u52a8\u7269\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\u3001\u9972\u517b\u5458\u548c\u8d44\u91d1\u4e00\u6837\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91ce\u517d\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u58ee\u89c2\u7684\u5c55\u89c8\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4f46\u96c6\u4e2d\u9972\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4e0a\u98ce\uff0c\u57281794\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u5173\u8fdb\u4e86\u68da\u5c4b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6e38\u4e50\u573a\u644a\u4e3b\u4eec\u5e94\u8058\u5145\u5f53\u4e86\u9972\u517b\u5458\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u7684\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u5b89\u5168\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08mitteeofPublicSafety\uff09\u4e3a\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u914d\u5907\u4e86\u5e26\u6709\u94c1\u6805\u680f\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u63a9\u853d\u6240\u548c\u4ece\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u8fd0\u6765\u7684\u7b3c\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e13\u95e8\u5212\u62e8\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u517b\u80b2\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u6b63\u5f0f\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u8fd9\u5ea7\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u51b3\u7b56\u653e\u5230\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6539\u9769\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u57281792\u548c1793\u5e74\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u5b66\u4f1a\u548c\u533b\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u90fd\u88ab\u53d6\u7f14\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u4f46\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u5f00\u653e\u800c\u4e14\u5df2\u7ecf\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u79d1\u666e\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u30021793\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u5b83\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u6240\u56fd\u5bb6\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u53ea\u662f\u5efa\u8bbe\u5927\u6f6e\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5362\u6d6e\u5bab\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u4f1f\u5927\u5efa\u7b51\u4e5f\u76f8\u7ee7\u95ee\u4e16\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5168\u90fd\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6467\u6bc1\u3001\u5360\u7528\u3001\u91cd\u5efa\u548c\u6b63\u540d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u532e\u4e4f\u8feb\u4f7f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5c06\u5b83\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u8bbe\u65bd\u8bbe\u5728\u4e86\u9a6c\u53a9\u3001\u4e00\u95f4\u65e7\u6e29\u5ba4\u548c\u5468\u8fb9\u7684\u6742\u6728\u6797\u4e2d\u3002\u4f46\u8fc7\u5206\u62e5\u6324\u7684\u5c40\u4fc3\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u6bd4\u6e38\u4e50\u573a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8fd8\u8981\u5dee\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7269\u8d28\u77ed\u7f3a\u4e0b\u7684\u98df\u7269\u4e0d\u8db3\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9ad8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u548c\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5267\u70c8\u6ce2\u52a8\u30021794\u5e74\u8fc1\u5165\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5927\u591a\u5728\u6b21\u5e74\u6b7b\u53bb\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u51e0\u4e4e\u8981\u4ece\u96f6\u5f00\u59cb\u91cd\u6574\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5411\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7d22\u8981\u52a8\u7269\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u822c\u83b7\u53d6\u9014\u5f84\uff08\u65c5\u884c\u6536\u83b7\u3001\u8d2d\u4e70\u3001\u8d60\u793c\u3001\u79d1\u8003\uff09\u7684\u8865\u5145\u3002\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u5934\u72ee\u5b50\u3001\u4e00\u5339\u8349\u539f\u6591\u9a6c\u548c\u4e00\u5934\u591c\u83ba\u9e8b\u7f9a\uff08\u540e\u4e24\u8005\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u706d\u7edd\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u6765\u81ea\u5965\u5c14\u826f\u516c\u7235\u7684\u5170\u9521\uff08Raincy\uff09\u8c6a\u5b85\u7684\u5927\u7ea630\u53ea\u52a8\u7269\u7387\u5148\u4e8e1794\u5e74\u62b5\u8fbe\u30021798\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u5934\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5927\u8c61\uff09\u5165\u4f4f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u4ece\u9003\u5411\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u8377\u5170\u603b\u7763\u90a3\u91cc\u593a\u6765\u7684\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u519b\u4e8b\u5927\u6377\u4f7f\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u6536\u83b7\u4e86\u4f2f\u5c14\u5c3c\u7684\u718a\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f3a\u53d6\u8c6a\u593a\u5f0f\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u770b\u6765\u6d3b\u4f3c\u62a2\u52ab\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u641c\u96c6\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u543b\u5408\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u516c\u4f1a\u4e8e1794\u5e74\u5c06\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u540d\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6559\u6388\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6d3e\u5f80\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u7684\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u6536\u96c6\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u3001\u4e66\u7c4d\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7528\u54c1\u3002\u5728\u5965\u5c5e\u8377\u5170\u548c\u8377\u5170\u8054\u90a6\u4e8e1795\u5e74\u6a2a\u906d\u4fb5\u7565\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08BrusselsAcademy\uff09\u548c\u8377\u5170\u603b\u7763\u7684\u65e0\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u690d\u7269\u3001\u519c\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u6807\u672c\u4e5f\u843d\u5230\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u4e5f\u7528\u5728\u4e86\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c1798\u5e747\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u6e38\u884c\u961f\u4f0d\u5e26\u7740\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u548c\u73cd\u5947\u52a8\u7269\u6d69\u6d69\u8361\u8361\u5730\u5f00\u8fdb\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u98ce\u666f\u82b1\u56ed\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u8270\u82e6\u65f6\u671f\u7ed3\u675f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u591a\u4e2a\u5efa\u7b51\u9879\u76ee\u5728\u5927\u7ea640\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u9646\u7eed\u7ae3\u5de5\uff0c\u82e5\u5f17\u9c81\u74e6\u00b7\u5723\u4f0a\u83b1\u5c14\uff08GeoffroySaint\u2026Hilaire\uff09\u548c\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\uff08Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ricCuvier\uff09\u529f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6ca1\uff1a\u524d\u8005\u57281802~41\u5e74\u95f4\u5206\u7ba1\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e8e1803\u5e74\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u7a0b\u5305\u62ec1801~05\u5e74\u7684\u7334\u820d\u548c\u9e1f\u820d\uff0c1805\u5e74\u7684\u718a\u56ed\uff0c1802~12\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u578b\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5927\u8c61\u3001\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\uff09\u5706\u5385\uff0c1818~21\u5e74\u7684\u731b\u517d\u9986\uff0c1835~37\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7334\u820d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca1838\u5e74\u8bbe\u5728\u65e7\u697c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6001\u9972\u517b\u573a\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u82b1\u56ed\u73af\u7ed5\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u800c\u5efa\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8001\u697c\u5c06\u4ece1810\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u5bb9\u517b\u8f83\u4e3a\u6e29\u987a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u4e3a\u6784\u9020\u5d0e\u5c96\u4e0d\u5e73\u7684\u5730\u5f62\uff0c\u571f\u5730\u88ab\u5206\u5272\u6210\u5757\u3002\u6811\u6728\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u683d\u690d\uff0c\u6216\u88ab\u79cd\u5728\u6742\u6811\u6797\u3001\u8349\u576a\u548c\u82b1\u5703\u4e2d\u3002\u914d\u6709\u6c60\u5858\u7684\u517d\u680f\u5404\u5360\u4e00\u65b9\u5929\u5730\uff1b\u7528\u6728\u5934\u548c\u77f3\u5934\u642d\u6210\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u5c0f\u5c4b\u76d6\u6709\u8305\u8349\u5c4b\u9876\u3002\u8fc2\u56de\u5f2f\u8f6c\u7684\u9053\u8def\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f7f\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d? \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u707e\u5c0f\uff25\u6e86\u8c10\u9765\u604b\u6c16\u8629\u7236\u9ae1\u5bb6\u73af\u6559\u6593\u5140\u6325\u5a9a\u5c31\u6cdb\u892a\ue202\u53cd\u755b\u50bb\u5357\u7ef1\u900d\u2225\u839e\u602f\u5ffb\u250e\u83f8\u837b\u30a1\uff33\u9f17\u8d5d\u6e25\ue014\u7261\u7f06\u5e9f\u4f4e\u5448\u8c37\ue074\u8f7f\u86d4\u8426\u55e1\u62c7\u03a4\u664c\ue01e\u8d61\u580b\uff17\ue25c\u6dab\u7f34\u6753\u7968\u9ec4\ue322\u832b\ue0d6\u3114\u8019\u5b55\u6ee6\u5934\u7ede\u6d47\u5cb7\u663e\u8c00\u51a2\ue0f0\u5e91\ue365\u5aaa\u64de\u6c1a\u5410\u8e47\u821c\ue08a\u8f66\u6728\u96bd\u9009\uff35\u5ebe\ue2a7\ue203\u954c\u5b89\u8f89\u5048\u4e14\u6853\u9730\u6362\u3114\u978d\ue3d9\u0423\u4ea9\u61d2\u247c\u9a8b\u60f6\u6fb9\ue0d1\ue25d\u5de7\u2486\u6cb3\u8c21\ue365\u92ae\ue266\u867b\u6bcd\u97b2\u9f0b\u9539\u6d39\uff35\u5eb5\u6b62\u5a4a\ue1a1\u6784\u9104\u6593\u6120\u6740\u5bf9\u9efe\u6a31\ue0ec\u592d\u53eb\u90a2\u5457\u8d29\u7a1a\u248f\u9794\u0393\u6062\u8fbd\u4fe3\u6655\u6ee4\u626f\ue203\u9522\u6b64\u62c5\ue0e6\ue3c6\u52fe\u4e1b\u709d\u8258\u6062\u75d4\u70ca\u6362\u80aa\u63a3\u5c0f\uff01\u3000\u3000\u3000?br \/>\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u745e\u58eb\u5c71\u8c37\uff08SwissValley\uff09\u201d\uff08\u745e\u58eb\u5f53\u65f6\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u6700\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff09\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7075\u611f\u76f4\u63a5\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u53f6\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u98ce\u666f\u56ed\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u6784\u601d\u7406\u5ff5\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u81ea\u7136\u89c2\u4e3a\u6839\u57fa\u3002\u4e0e17\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9075\u5faa\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u5b55\u751f\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u5145\u8db3\u800c\u53c8\u53d8\u5316\u4e0d\u5b9a\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u91cf\u5728\u6709\u673a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u591a\u79cd\u6027\u3001\u91ce\u751f\u6027\u548c\u65e0\u5e8f\u6027\uff09\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53c8\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4ee5\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba9\u2026\u96c5\u514b\u00b7\u5362\u68ad\uff08Jean\u2026JacquesRousseau\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6d41\u884c\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff1a\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdc\u79bb\u8150\u673d\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5b81\u9759\u5929\u5802\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u82b1\u56ed\u4e0d\u5e94\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u538b\u6291\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u5f52\u81ea\u7136\u539f\u8c8c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u5ea7\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\u82b1\u56ed\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u5206\u88c2\u548c\u62fc\u8d34\u6cd5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5b83\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0d\u5149\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u6700\u5177\u7279\u8272\u6216\u6700\u7f8e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4e3a\u8ffd\u6c42\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3001\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u548c\u66f2\u6298\u6027\u800c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u878d\u5408\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5c71\u548c\u8c37\uff0c\u6e56\u548c\u6eaa\uff0c\u6811\u6797\uff0c\u6797\u95f4\u7a7a\u5730\uff0c\u704c\u6728\u548c\u8349\u5730\uff0c\u9634\u5f71\u548c\u5149\u7ebf\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8981\u7d20\u5747\u4ee5\u7cbe\u5fc3\u89c4\u5212\u7684\u5168\u666f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3a\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5728\u89c6\u89c9\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u76f8\u8054\uff08\u56f4\u5899\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u6c9f\u6e20\u53d6\u4ee3\uff09\uff0c\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e72\u6d89\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9\u9690\u800c\u4e0d\u89c1\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6df1\u53d717\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7ed8\u753b\u827a\u672f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u98ce\u666f\u8868\u73b0\u3001\u900f\u89c6\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u5149\u5f71\u5904\u7406\u3002\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u6784\u601d\u98ce\u666f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5fc5\u987b\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bd7\u4eba\u548c\u753b\u5bb6\uff0c\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u52a8\u7528\u773c\u775b\u548c\u5927\u8111\u3002\u201d1777\u5e74\uff0c\u98ce\u666f\u82b1\u56ed\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6R\u00b7\u5409\u62c9\u5c14\u4e39\uff08R\u3002Girardin\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u9053\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u683c\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u98ce\u9761\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u3002\u6d77\u745f\u4f2f\u7235\u9886\u4e3b\u4e8e1758\u5e74\u5728\u5361\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ef4\u5c24\u57ce\u5821\uff08BellevueCastle\uff09\u6811\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u65b0\u65f6\u5c1a\u4f20\u904d\u4e86\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u9886\u5730\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u534a\u5c9b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u987a\u5e94\u6f6e\u6d41\u6539\u9020\u4e86\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u522b\u5885\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u9996\u4f8b\u662f18\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u57c3\u5c14\u8499\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Ermenonville\uff09\u548c\u5170\u9521\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u76f4\u5230\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e94\u7684\u5973\u513f\u4eec\u57281781\u5e74\u6539\u5efa\u4e86\u8d1d\u52d2\u7ef4\u57ce\u5821\uff08Ch&acirc\uff1bteaudeBellevue\uff09\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u2026\u5b89\u6258\u74e6\u5c3c\u7279\u5973\u738b\u4ece1783\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u91cd\u6574\u7279\u91cc\u4e9a\u519c\u6751\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fd0\u52a8\u624d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7eb7\u7eb7\u6548\u4eff\u5979\u4eec\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6cd5\u56fd\u7248\u7684\u98ce\u666f\u82b1\u56ed\uff1a\u6751\u5e84\u6216\u519c\u573a\u3001\u4f11\u517b\u6240\u3001\u66f2\u5f84\u3001\u4ead\u53f0\u3001\u6865\u6881\u548c\u5c9b\u5c7f\u3001\u5047\u5c71\u56ed\u6797\u3001\u6d1e\u7a74\u548c\u9057\u8ff9\u70b9\u7f00\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u7f8e\u666f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u6837\u90fd\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5bf9\u5de7\u593a\u5929\u5de5\u7684\u4eba\u9020\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6267\u8457\u7231\u597d\u3002\t\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c55\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u82b1\u56ed\u901a\u5e38\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u9a6f\u5316\u7684\u672c\u571f\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u9e2d\u5b50\u3001\u96c9\u3001\u725b\uff09\u534a\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u517b\u5728\u519c\u573a\u3001\u5976\u573a\u3001\u9e1f\u820d\u548c\u5c0f\u5c9b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ed9\u6574\u4e2a\u666f\u8c61\u589e\u6dfb\u4e00\u4e1d\u751f\u6c14\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b89\u6392\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5409\u62c9\u5c14\u4e39\uff081777\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u970d\u52d2\u65af\u00b7\u6c83\u6ce2\u5c14\uff08HoraceWalpole\uff0c1785\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u9886\u5730\u7684C\u00b7C\u00b7\u8d6b\u5e0c\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08C\u3002C\u3002Hirschfield\uff0c1779~1785\u5e74\uff09\u7b49\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u98ce\u666f\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u56de\u5f52\uff0c\u4ee4\u666f\u8272\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u751f\u52a8\u81ea\u7136\u3002\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u8fd8\u5efa\u8bae\u7528\u6839\u636e\u5468\u8fb9\u73af\u5883\u6539\u9020\u8fc7\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e61\u6751\u5efa\u7b51\u5bb9\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u3000\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff083\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5df4\u9ece\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5bf9\u65b0\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u63a5\u7eb3\u65e0\u7591\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8fd9\u5ea7\u98ce\u666f\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\u548c\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\u4eec\u5c06\u5b83\u4e0e\u5bf9\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u6743\u7684\u542b\u84c4\u6311\u6218\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u300aFranconville\u2026la\u2026Garenne\u82b1\u56ed\u5bfc\u6e38\u300b\uff08GuidedesjardinsdeFranconville\u2026la\u2026Garenne\uff0c1784\u5e74\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u65ad\u8a00\uff1a\u603b\u6709\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u96be\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6765\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u75db\u6068\u5974\u5f79\u7684\u4eba\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u66fe\u4e50\u4e8e\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u5173\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f6a\u72af\u5173\u8fdb\u76d1\u72f1\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u201d\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u98ce\u666f\u82b1\u56ed\u4e0e\u5927\u578b\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u4f8b\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u56da\u517b\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u5371\u9669\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u5e76\u975e\u6574\u4f53\u98ce\u666f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4ecd\u7136\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u89c2\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u6587\u56de\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6b27\u6d32\u65f6\u5c1a\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u90fd\u6548\u4eff\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u4e0a\u53ef\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5a01\u671b\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u521b\u610f\u90fd\u88ab\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u76f4\u63a5\u6c72\u53d6\u4e86\uff0c\u8fde\u654c\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u6218\u8d25\u4e4b\u540e\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u5728\u52a0\u5f3a\u3001\u52a0\u901f\uff0c\u65b0\u5f0f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u968f\u4e4b\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u3002\u5148\u540e\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u4f26\u6566\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u6307\u5357\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63d2\u56fe\u6216\u9644\u5e26\u6307\u793a\u56fe\u7684\u5e73\u7248\u753b\u548c\uff08\u540e\u6765\u7684\uff09\u76f8\u7247\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8bde\u751f\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4fbf\u5229\u4e86\u5bf9\u524d\u6cbf\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u9769\u65b0\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u57281858\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df4\u9ece\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u5728\u4e8e\u5e03\u4f26\u68ee\u6797\uff08BoisduBoulogne\uff09\u5174\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e4b\u524d\u5954\u8d74\u4f26\u6566\u3001\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u3001\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u548c\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8003\u5bdf\u3002\u4ece1863\u52301900\u5e74\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\u90e8\u95e8\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u8981\u524d\u5f80\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u5b66\u4e60\u540c\u884c\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u6d41\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ecd\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5f53\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u6e10\u6e10\u663e\u5f97\u843d\u4f0d\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u548c\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u52a8\u7269\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u8bbe\u5907\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u5148\u8fdb\u5178\u8303\u30021870\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e5f\u5d2d\u9732\u5934\u89d2\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f1f\u5927\u673a\u6784\u5e76\u9a7e\u9f50\u9a71\u7684\u9886\u5148\u8005\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u5374\u59cb\u7ec8\u5728\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5e03\u666f\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u8d39\u8fea\u5357\u5fb7\u4e03\u4e16\uff08FerdinandVII\uff09\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\uff081808~1833\u5e74\uff09\u91c7\u7eb3\uff1a\u4e3d\u6c60\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fb9\u7f18\u533a\u57df\u6709\u4e00\u5ea7\u653e\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4eba\u9020\u5c71\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u680f\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u9986\u3002\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u5c06\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u5206\u6563\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u5f0f\u82b1\u56ed\u5404\u4e2a\u89d2\u843d\u7684\u521b\u610f\u4e5f\u5206\u522b\u4e8e1822\u5e74\u548c1828\u5e74\u5b9e\u73b0\u5728\u5c5e\u4e8e\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u6ce2\u8328\u5766\u5b54\u96c0\u5c9b\uff08PeacockIsland\uff09\u548c\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u5212\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u53d8\u5f97\u76f8\u5f53\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u4f34\u7684\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u9006\u8f6c\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8bbe\u5728\u65e2\u5b9a\u516c\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u5206\uff1b\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5e03\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5c14\uff08Bristol\uff09\u3001\u9e7f\u7279\u4e39\u548c\u6c49\u8bfa\u5a01\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u517d\u680f\u662f\u8349\u672c\u548c\u6811\u6728\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u54c1\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u8349\u672c\u548c\u6811\u6728\u662f\u517d\u680f\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u54c1\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\uff08zoologicalgardens\uff09\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u65b0\u5efa\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u771f\u6b63\u6d41\u4f20\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u5c06\u5b83\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff08zoo\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\u624d\u6d41\u884c\u5f00\u6765\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u5b83\u66fe\u51fa\u73b0\u57281931\u5e74\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\uff08ExpositionColoniale\uff09\u4e2d\uff1b\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u201d\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u52a8\u7269\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u516c\u56ed\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u65e0\u79c1\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5b83\u7684\u5b97\u65e8\u548c\u4eb2\u6c11\u6027\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7ed3\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u547c\u58f0\u65e5\u6e10\u9ad8\u6da8\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cbe\u795e\u5185\u6db5\u5524\u8d77\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u80a1\u80a1\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u5efa\u8bbe\u98ce\u6f6e\u76f8\u7ee7\u5174\u8d77\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u82f1\u56fd\u9996\u5f53\u5176\u51b2\uff1a\u4ee5\u4f26\u6566\uff081828\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u90fd\u67cf\u6797\uff081831\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u5e03\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5c14\uff081835\u5e74\uff09\u4e3a\u5148\u950b\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u6ce2\u53ca\u5230\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5317\u90e8\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u5730\u533a\uff08\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\uff0c1836\u5e74\uff1b\u5229\u5179\uff0c1840\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7ecd\u65af\u6ce2\u7279\uff081906\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u54c8\u5229\u6cd5\u514b\u65af\uff081909\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\uff081910\u5e74\uff09\u53c8\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u9526\u4e0a\u6dfb\u82b1\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\u80a1\u98ce\u6f6e\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa30\u81f360\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e2d\u5377\u8377\u5170\u548c\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\uff1a\u9996\u90fd\uff08\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\uff0c1838\u5e74\uff1b\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\uff0c1851\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u6d77\u4e8b\u3001\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u91cd\u9547\uff08\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\uff0c1843\u5e74\uff1b\u6839\u7279\uff0c1851\u5e74\uff1b\u9e7f\u7279\u4e39\uff0c1857\u5e74\uff1b\u5217\u65e5\uff0c1861\u5e74\uff1b\u6d77\u7259\uff0c1863\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u51e0\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u4e5f\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u53d8\u9769\u65f6\u671f\u4e00\u663e\u8eab\u624b\uff1a\u9a6c\u8d5b\uff081854\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u91cc\u6602\uff081858\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u5df4\u9ece\uff08\u5e03\u4f26\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c1860\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u7c73\u5362\u65af\uff081868\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u56db\u80a1\u98ce\u6f6e\u610f\u4e49\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u5927\uff0c\u5174\u8d77\u4e8e\u6700\u7ec8\u57281870\u5e74\u5b9e\u73b0\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u8bf8\u90a6\u3002\u7ee7\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u9996\u90fd\uff08\u67cf\u6797\uff0c1844\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u540c\u76df\u9996\u5e9c\uff08\u81ea\u7531\u57ce\u5e02\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\uff0c1858\u5e74\uff09\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8bf8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u53c8\u5982\u96e8\u540e\u6625\u7b0b\u822c\u5728\u5404\u5730\u843d\u6210\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u57281860~80\u5e74\u95f4\u3002\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u582a\u79f0\u6838\u5fc3\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u6cbf\u5cb8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u9686\uff081860\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u5361\u5c14\u65af\u9c81\u5384\uff081864\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u65af\u56fe\u52a0\u7279\uff081870\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u675c\u585e\u5c14\u591a\u592b\uff081874\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u4e9a\u741b\uff081886\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u57ce\u5e02\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u4e1c\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\uff08\u5e03\u96f7\u65af\u52b3\uff0c1865\u5e74\uff1b\u6ce2\u68ee\uff0c1875\u5e74\uff1b\u65af\u5fb7\u4e01\uff0c1882\u5e74\uff1b\u8036\u62ff\uff0c1901\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u8428\u514b\u68ee\uff08\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f\uff0c1861\u5e74\uff1b\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\uff0c1876\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u8f83\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9f99\u5934\u533a\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u51e0\u4e2a\u8f83\u4e3a\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u6216\u8d38\u6613\u57ce\u5e02\uff08\u6c49\u5821\uff0c1863\u5e74\uff1b\u6c49\u8bfa\u5a01\uff0c1864\u5e74\uff1b\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\uff0c1910\u5e74\uff09\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7518\u843d\u540e\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9996\u90fd\uff08\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\uff0c1859\u5e74\uff1b\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff0c1863\u5e74\uff1b\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\uff0c1865\u5e74\uff1b\u7f57\u9a6c\uff0c1910\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\uff08\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\uff0c1874\u5e74\uff1b\u5df4\u585e\u7f57\u90a3\uff0c1892\u5e74\uff1b\u534e\u6c99\uff0c1911\u5e74\uff1b\u91cc\u52a0\uff0c1912\u5e74\uff09\u4e5f\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u5927\u6f6e\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u5feb\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u5e7f\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5c42\u9762\u662f\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u4ecd\u4fdd\u7559\u7740\u90a3\u4e2a18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4f46\u4f9d\u7136\u57281863\u5e74\u65b0\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6500\u6bd4\u5fc3\u6001\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u8bc1\u660e\u6216\u4fdd\u4f4f\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u9887\u4f3c\u76db\u884c\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\uff08\u5267\u9662\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5546\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\uff09\u548c20\u4e16\u7eaa\uff08\u4f53\u80b2\u8bbe\u65bd\uff09\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f62\u8c61\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5174\u5efa\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e0e\u5efa\u7acb\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u9662\u7b49\u673a\u6784\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u6b27\u6027\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u673a\u6784\u5b8c\u5168\u987a\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u52a8\u5411\u800c\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u589e\u957f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5efa\u8bbe\u9879\u76ee\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u8fdb\u53d6\u800c\u53c8\u640f\u5b66\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u8d5e\u52a9\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u516c\u56ed\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u8d39\u57ce\u5e02\u915d\u917f\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f00\u653e\u4e8e1874\u5e74\uff1b\u7b79\u5efa\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u7684\u8f9b\u8f9b\u7eb3\u63d0\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3001\u7ebd\u7ea6\u4e2d\u592e\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u6797\u80af\u516c\u56ed\uff081868\u5e74\uff09\u4e0e\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u4e00\u6837\u7686\u5c5e\u540d\u57ce\u540d\u56ed\u7cfb\u5217\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u201c\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u3001\u5317\u65b9\u201d\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6982\u62ec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u5217\uff1a\u5df4\u5c14\u7684\u6469\uff081876~86\uff09\u3001\u5339\u5179\u5821\uff081898\uff09\u3001\u5e03\u6cd5\u7f57\uff081875~95\uff09\u548c\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\u7b49\u3002\u4e9a\u7279\u5170\u5927\uff081889~92\uff09\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5357\u65b9\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\uff081889~92\uff09\u9884\u793a\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728\u52a0\u5dde\u5b9c\u4eba\u6c14\u5019\u4e2d\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u4e39\u4f5b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u7f57\u62c9\u591a\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u4e4b\u7a97\u3002\u5927\u7ea6\u670920\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u57281885~1900\u5e74\u95f4\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u6e38\u5ba2\u5982\u68ad\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u57281940\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u6709\u7ea6\u4e24\u5bb6\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u843d\u6210\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u3000\u5e1d\u56fd\u8363\u8000\uff081\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5f53\u6b27\u6d32\u6b63\u5728\u6253\u9020\u5b83\u90a3\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6d6e\u51fa\u4e86\u6c34\u9762\u3002\u72e9\u730e\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u519b\u4eba\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u72e9\u730e\u5f80\u5f80\u5e26\u6709\u82f1\u96c4\u4e3b\u4e49\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6e05\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u8363\u8a89\u589e\u5149\u6dfb\u5f69\u3002\u5c06\u7a7a\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u5f3a\u52a0\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u56da\u517b\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u6700\u540e\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u9a6f\u5316\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u543b\u5408\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u53cd\u6b63\u7edf\u7684\u6f2b\u753b\u5bb6\u4eec\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u5bd3\u6307\u5974\u96b6\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u9a6c\u96f7\u590f\u5c14\u00b7\u5229\u5965\u6cf0\uff08Mar\u00e9chalLyautey\uff09\u771f\u7684\u5c06\u6b96\u6c11\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5c55\u73b0\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e30\u529f\u4f1f\u7ee9\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6258\u7ba1\u7ed9\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9a6f\u72ee\u8005\u3002\u72e9\u730e\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56da\u517b\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u548c\u9a6f\u5316\u4e0d\u65ad\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u523a\u6fc0\u4e86\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5e26\u52a8\u4e86\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u5c55\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5bb3\u6b7b\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u58f0\u540d\u8d6b\u8d6b\u7684\u8fdb\u53e3\u5546\u4eec\u638c\u63e1\u7740\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u730e\u4eba\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u800c\u7a7a\u524d\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6b65\u67aa\u6210\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u6355\u730e\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8865\u5145\u3002\u58f0\u52bf\u6d69\u5927\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8fd0\u8f93\u961f\u5c06\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5c60\u6740\u62b9\u9664\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff1b\u52a8\u7269\u5c60\u6740\u95ee\u9898\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u4e1d\u6beb\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u62ac\u9ad8\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u58f0\u671b\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u7ecf\u9500\u5546\u4eec\u4f1a\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u4e3e\u529e\u4eba\u79cd\u5c55\u89c8\uff0c\u53e4\u602a\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u3001\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u91ce\u517d\u6324\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u7686\u88ab\u51a0\u4ee5\u201c\u91ce\u86ee\u201d\u4e8c\u5b57\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6d3b\u6349\u5b83\u4eec\uff01\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6ca1\u6709\u730e\u4eba\u3002\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u5362\u8328\u00b7\u8d6b\u514b\uff08LutzHeck\uff09\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u72e9\u730e\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u4e1c\u975e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5916\u7684\u8352\u91ce\u72e9\u730e\u300b\uff08AusderWildnisindenZooaufTierfanginOstafrica\uff09\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u5362\u74e6\u6cfd\u5c14\uff08GustaveLoisel\uff09\u7533\u8bf7\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u6de1\u5b63\u72e9\u730e\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u3002\u6731\u5c14\u00b7\u96c5\u5357\uff08JulesJanin\uff09\u66fe\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4ef6\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4e8b\uff1a\u6709\u4e2a\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u72e9\u730e\u4e2d\u53d7\u4f24\u81f4\u6b8b\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u8981\u53bb\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u53ea\u4e3a\u786e\u8ba4\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4ecd\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u6740\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u540d\u5b57\u53eb\u90a6\u5e03\u5948\u5c14\u8fd8\u662f\u5854\u5c14\u5854\u5170\uff08\u963f\u65b9\u65af&#8226\uff1b\u90fd\u5fb7\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff09\uff0c\u730e\u72ee\u8005\u603b\u662f\u730e\u4eba\u4e4b\u738b \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u6742\u950c\u68a2\u9668\u94a1\u4ea9\ue08b\u9ccc\u8584\uff12\u8fd8\u82ca\ue384\u7eb8\u90aa\u7548\u5bc4\u5473\ue368\u6545\u64ac\ue47d\ue378\ue487\u8ff9\u00f2\u248e\u527f?#8226\uff1b\u90fd\u5fb7\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff09\uff0c\u730e\u72ee\u8005\u603b\u662f\u730e\u4eba\u4e4b\u738b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u5c06\u767e\u517d\u4e4b\u738b\u51fb\u8d25\u3002\u730e\u83b7\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u8363\u8a89\u7eaa\u5ff5\u30021881\u5e745\u670828\u65e5\u520a\u7684\u300a\u8bbd\u523a\u753b\u300b\uff08Caricature\uff09\u5c06\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u9a6c\u5185\uff08EdouardManet\uff09\u4e00\u5e45\u753b\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u53ea\u8eba\u5728\u730e\u72ee\u8005\u4f69\u5c14\u8482\u585e\uff08Pertuiset\uff09\u8eab\u540e\u7684\u6b7b\u72ee\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u5e8a\u8fb9\u5730\u6bef\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u72e9\u730e\u662f\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u9738\u4e1a\u8054\u7cfb\u6700\u4e3a\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u730e\u4eba\u4fe8\u7136\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u5b8c\u7f8e\u800c\u53c8\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u5efa\u8bbe\u8005\u201d\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u6d1b\u74e6\u96f7\u6069\u00b7\u6208\u767b\u00b7\u5361\u660e\uff08RovaleynGordonCumming\uff09\u4e8e1838\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8fd0\u8f93\u961f\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u4f5c\u4e3a\u975e\u6d32\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\uff081840\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u5927\u724c\u730e\u624b\u7684\u4f20\u5947\u751f\u6daf\u3002\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e26\u7740\u5927\u91cf\u6218\u5229\u54c1\u548c\u586b\u5145\u52a8\u7269\u6807\u672c\u8fd4\u56de\u4f26\u6566\u6210\u4e3a\u8f70\u52a8\u4e00\u65f6\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002\u5728\u7f57\u5f97\u897f\u4e9a\uff08Rhodesia\uff09\u670d\u5f79\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u8003\u7279\u5c3c\u00b7\u585e\u5362\u65af\uff08FrederickCourteneySelous\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2a\u52c7\u731b\u7684\u730e\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u6587\u660e\u5316\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5e76\u5bf9\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u6709\u6240\u8d21\u732e\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4ee3\u730e\u624b\u8ffd\u968f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5148\u9a71\u7684\u8db3\u8ff9\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5c31\u50cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u91cc\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u72e9\u730e\u6218\u5229\u54c1\u662f\u201c\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u571f\u5730\u5df2\u88ab\u5f81\u670d\u201d\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u5e03\u6d1b\u514b\uff08WilliamBullock\uff09\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff08IndiaMuseum\uff0c1801\u5e74\uff09\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u80fd\u5438\u5f1510000\u81f320000\u540d\u6e38\u5ba2\u3002\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7ecf\u9500\u5546\u4eec\u56e4\u79ef\u730e\u7269\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u88ab18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6\u4eec\u89c6\u82e5\u81f3\u5b9d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u9057\u9ab8\uff08\u9f9f\u58f3\uff0c\u6d77\u8d1d\u58f3\uff0c\u7259\u9f7f\uff0c\u89d2\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u641c\u7f57\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u7269\u54c1\uff08\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u88c5\u9970\u7269\uff0c\u8863\u7269\uff0c\u73e0\u5b9d\uff09\uff1b\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u5bb6\u65cf\u4fbf\u62e5\u6709\u7edd\u5999\u7684\u725b\u7f8a\u89d2\u548c\u9e7f\u89d2\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6807\u672c\u5265\u5236\u672f\uff08\u586b\u5145\u52a8\u7269\u6807\u672c\u7684\u827a\u672f\uff09\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u8bf7\u4eba\u730e\u6740\u5927\u578b\u52a8\u7269\u4ee5\u6c42\u5b8c\u5584\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u3002\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u83b1\u6602\u5185\u5c14\u00b7\u5fb7\u7f57\u601d\u67f4\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08WalterLioneldeRothschild\uff09\u4fbf\u660e\u786e\u8981\u6c42\u79d1\u5170\u4e1c\uff08Coryndon\uff09\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5bfb\u627e\u5e76\u730e\u6740\u4e00\u5934\u7280\u725b\u3002\u6b7b\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u53d7\u5230\u8511\u89c6\uff0c\u72c2\u70ed\u6536\u85cf\u8ff7\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56da\u517b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5df2\u7ecf\u626d\u66f2\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u539f\u6001\u3002\u6700\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u7f55\u89c1\u6216\u6700\u96be\u6355\u6740\u7684\u91ce\u517d\u3002\u5fb7\u6bd4\u4f2f\u7235\uff08EarlofDerby\uff09\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6536\u85cf\u4e86\u5927\u7ea625000\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6765\u81ea\u963f\u5c14\u52d2\u7684\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4eb2\u82f1\u6d3e\u540e\u4ee3\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u2026\u963f\u6885\u4ee3\u00b7\u76ae\u7ecd\uff08Pierre\u2026Am\u00e9d\u00e9ePichot\uff09\u66fe\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u517d\u4e4b\u4e89\uff08LaLuttedel\u2019hommecontrelesanimaux\uff09\u201d\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u5ba3\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u80fd\u987a\u4ece\u5730\u56f4\u7ed5\u91cd\u5fc3\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u5c06\u4f1a\u706d\u7edd\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cd\u5fc3\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u201d1787\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u65e0\u7a77\u65e0\u5c3d\u3001\u6c38\u4e0d\u8017\u7aed\u7684\u8001\u89c2\u5ff5\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f00\u666e\u6566\u9644\u8fd1\u5c9b\u5c7f\u7684\u4f01\u9e45\u60e8\u906d\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u65b0\u578b\u6b66\u5668\u6bd4\u8001\u5f0f\u706b\u67aa\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7387\u5c31\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u60df\u4e00\u533a\u522b\u30021875\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c26\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u5929\u5185\u6740\u6b7b56\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u3002\u8981\u60f3\u6d3b\u6349\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u6740\u6b7b\u62a4\u5e7c\u6bcd\u517d\u6216\u517d\u7fa4\u9996\u9886\u3002\u8d74\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u6258\u6069\u5df4\u5fb7\uff08Tornblad\uff09\u63a2\u9669\u961f\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1a\u4e00\u7fa4\u6210\u5e74\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u88ab\u6740\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u5e7c\u5d3d\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\uff0c\u5b83\u7acb\u5373\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5168\u961f\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6089\u5fc3\u7167\u6599\uff0c\u8fd8\u88ab\u8d77\u4e86\u7f57\u838e\u8389\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u8feb\u6740\u6b7b\u201d\u5927\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6210\u5e74\u8c61\u4f1a\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eaf\u4f53\u906e\u62a4\u5e7c\u517d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u90fd\u4f1a\u4e3a\u7b79\u96c6\u65c5\u8d44\u800c\u53d8\u6210\u730e\u4eba\u30021830\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5fb7\u963f\u59c6\uff08DixonDeham\uff09\u5e26\u7740\u4e00\u7fa4\u52a8\u7269\u4ece\u4e4d\u5f97\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u65af\u5766\u798f\uff08Standford\uff09\u548c\u7eb3\u7279\u52d2\uff08Natterer\uff09\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4ed6\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u5356\u7ed9\u4e86\u5361\u5c14&#8226\uff1b\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u3002\u730e\u4eba\u5bf9\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7edd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u586b\u5145\u6807\u672c\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u6d3b\u6807\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u730e\u4eba\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\u76db\u6781\u4e00\u65f6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u30021820\u5e74\uff0cS&#8226\uff1b\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\uff08S\u3002Daniel\uff09\u548cW&#8226\uff1b\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\uff08D\u3002Daniel\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u975e\u6d32\u5357\u90e8\u4e4b\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u90e8\u843d\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u666f\u8272\u6982\u51b5\u300b\uff08SketchesRepresentingtheNature\uff1bTribes\uff1bAnimalsandSceneryofSouthernAfrica\uff09\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u900f\u7740\u4e00\u80a1\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u7eaa\u5b9e\u8da3\u5473\u3002\u540e\u6765\u7684\u730e\u4eba\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u7528\u5c3d\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5f0f\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u548c\u60ac\u7591\u6765\u6da6\u8272\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u3002\u300a\u4e00\u4e2a\u730e\u4eba\u5728\u5357\u975e\u6df1\u5904\u76845\u5e74\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\uff08FiveYearsofaHunter\u2019sLifeintheFarInteriorofSouthAfrica\uff09\u662f\u6208\u767b\u00b7\u5361\u660e\u5728\u4e8e1850\u5e74\u8fd4\u56de\u4f26\u6566\u540e\u51fa\u7248\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u8fd8\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u730e\u7269\u5c55\u3002\u300a\u4f26\u6566\u65b0\u95fb\u753b\u62a5\u300b\uff08TheIllustratedLondonNews\uff09\u7b49\u6d41\u884c\u520a\u7269\u8f6c\u8f7d\u4e86\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ae0\u8282\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6210\u529f\u8d21\u732e\u5353\u8457\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bfb\u8005\u4eec\u6e34\u671b\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u5230\u6545\u4e8b\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u4e3b\u89d2\u3002\u72e9\u730e\u6587\u5b66\u7ecf\u4e45\u4e0d\u8870\uff1a\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14&#8226\uff1b\u6000\u7279&#8226\uff1b\u8d1d\u514b\uff08SamuelWhiteBaker\uff09\u7684\u300a\u9521\u5170\u7684\u6765\u590d\u67aa\u548c\u730e\u72ac\u300b\uff08RifleandHoundinCeylon\uff09\u7ee71850\u5e74\u7684\u521d\u7248\u540e\u53c8\u66fe\u516d\u5ea6\u518d\u7248\u3002\u8003\u7279\u5c3c\u00b7\u585e\u5362\u65af\u628a\u4ed61874\u5e74\u4ece\u975e\u6d32\u6536\u83b7\u7684\u5927\u578b\u52a8\u7269\u586b\u5145\u6807\u672c\u7528\u4f5c\u5c55\u89c8\u548c\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u4ed6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u4e00\u4e2a\u730e\u624b\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u6f2b\u6e38\u300b\uff08AHunter\u2019sWanderinginAfrica\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\uff081881\u5e74\uff09\uff1b\u76f8\u6bd4\u6208\u767b\u00b7\u5361\u660e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u597d\u70ab\u5938\u5439\u64c2\uff0c\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5927\u4e8e\u524d\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8457\u4f5c\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u4e2d\u5524\u8d77\u4e86\u6210\u4e3a\u730e\u4eba\u3001\u5192\u9669\u5bb6\u548c\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8f7b\u800c\u6613\u4e3e\u5730\u5c31\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u4e0a\u81f3\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u8fd0\u52a8\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\uff08OrientalSportingMagazine\uff09\uff0c\u4e0b\u81f3\u6700\u5e73\u6c11\u6d3e\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u8f6c\u8f7d\u520a\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u6240\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b27\u6d32\u804c\u4e1a\u730e\u624b\u4ece\u5176\u6240\u5230\u5730\u533a\u7684\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6355\u730e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1b\u65c5\u884c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e5f\u6dfb\u6cb9\u52a0\u918b\u5730\u5927\u8d5e\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u730e\u624b\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u571f\u8457\u540c\u884c\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u5947\u5999\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5ba3\u79f0\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u6587\u660e\u5316\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5c06\u6587\u660e\u5e26\u7ed9\u4e86\u4eba\u3002\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u5c31\u81ea\u5439\u8bf4\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u6559\u4f1a\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u9a6f\u517b\u91ce\u9a6c\u3002\u4ed6\u768450\u540d\u730e\u624b\u4e4b\u4e00\u5361\u8428\u8bfa\u74e6\uff08Casanova\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece1865\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3a\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9a\u548c\u82cf\u4e39\u7684\u5e38\u5ba2\uff09\u66fe\u5411\u5730\u65b9\u730e\u624b\u4f20\u6388\u65e5\u672c\u5200\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u6280\u5de7\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4f20\u7edf\u6355\u730e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u653e\u706b\u548c\u780d\u4f10\u6811\u6797\uff0c\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u3002\u5404\u5f0f\u9677\u9631\u5747\u9700\u5de7\u8bbe\u614e\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u6697\u4e95\u548c\u5e26\u6709\u7334\u5b50\u8bf1\u9975\u7684\u5c0f\u7bb1\u5b50\uff08\u957f3\u7c73\uff0c\u5bbd2\u7c73\uff09\u3002\u4e8b\u6545\u662f\u53f8\u7a7a\u89c1\u60ef\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u80a2\u7ffc\u9aa8\u6298\u6700\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u843d\u5165\u9677\u9631\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8fd8\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u98df\u8089\u52a8\u7269\u5403\u6389\u3002\u88ab\u751f\u64d2\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u91cd\u60ca\u5413\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u9a6f\u517d\u5e08\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u88ab\u9001\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u53ef\u80fd\u51e0\u8fd1\u53d1\u72c2\u201d\u3002\u8fd1\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u517d\u533b\u624b\u518c\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6700\u666e\u901a\u7684\u6355\u730e\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u6709\u5185\u5728\u5371\u9669\u3002\u5728\u7528\u8fc1\u5165\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3a\u72e9\u730e\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u8865\u5145\u52a8\u7269\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u518d\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6d4e\u4e8e\u4e8b\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u8840\u6d46\u76ae\u8d28\u9187\u6c34\u5e73\u6765\u5224\u65ad\uff1b\u5f53\u4e00\u53ea\u7315\u7334\u88ab\u56f4\u56f0\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u8840\u6d46\u76ae\u8d28\u9187\u6c34\u5e73\u4f1a\u4e0a\u534752\uff05\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u6355\u83b7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u80a2\u4f53\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u5c06\u4e0b\u964d\u523013\uff05\u3002\u65b0\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u9ebb\u9189\u67aa\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u50ac\u7720\u730e\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u9003\u8dd1\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6765\u8bf4\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u5371\u9669\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u660e\u663e\u518d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u80fd\u6062\u590d\u5143\u6c14\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u3000\u5e1d\u56fd\u8363\u8000\uff082\uff09
\n
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\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5404\u79cd\u6cd5\u89c4\u6761\u4ee4\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u95ee\u4e16\uff0c\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c1889\u5e74\u4e0b\u8fbe\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u77aa\u7f9a\u548c\u57c3\u53ca\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u653f\u4ee4\u3002\u5e03\u5fb7\u5c14\u57281931\u5e74\u54c0\u53f9\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u4ee4\u4eba\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u8981\u9886\u7684\u6ee5\u6740\u662f\u5f53\u4eca\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\u6536\u85cf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u8bae\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e5f\u786e\u5b9e\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0e\u730e\u4eba\u4eec\u5206\u5ead\u6297\u793c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8d38\u6613\u534f\u4f1a\u7ec4\u5efa\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u5730\u65b9\u7acb\u6cd5\u52a8\u8bae\u5728\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4ed8\u8bf8\u5ba1\u8bae\uff1a\u4ea4\u8dbe\u652f\u90a3\uff081925\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\uff081927\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u6cd5\u5c5e\u8d64\u9053\u975e\u6d32\uff081929\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u5580\u9ea6\u9686\uff081930\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff08\u6cd5\u5c5e\u897f\u975e\uff0c1925\u5e74\uff1b\u6cd5\u5c5e\u8d64\u9053\u975e\u6d32\uff0c1927\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u76f8\u7ee7\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9c9c\u89c1\u6210\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u81f3\u5c11\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u7ed3\u675f\u6d6a\u8d39\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u79d1\u8003\u961f\u6210\u5458\u4e2a\u4e2a\u90fd\u4f1a\u5e26\u7740\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\u8fd4\u4e61\uff0c\u4ece1860\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u300a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u53ca\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u5357\u300b\uff08Instructionspourlesvoyageursetlesemploy\u00e9sdanslescolonies\uff09\u53ef\u8c13\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u5b66\u6559\u6750\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u4f7f\u56e2\u4e0d\u5149\u91c7\u96c6\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6355\u6349\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u8d39\u5229\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u5361\u8428\u5c14\uff08F\u00e9lixCassal\uff091798\u5e74\u4ece\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u5e26\u56de\u7684\u9a86\u9a7c\u3001\u72ee\u5b50\u3001\u77aa\u7f9a\u548c\u9e35\u9e1f\u30021804\u5e74\uff0c18414\u5757\u77ff\u7269\u6837\u672c\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u9057\u9ab8\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u7ea670\u53ea\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u5934\u6709\u540d\u7684\u9ed1\u8c79\uff09\u4ece\u535a\u4e39\uff08Beaudin\uff09\u8239\u957f\u7684\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u53f7\uff08G\u00e9ographe\uff09\u548c\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u53f7\uff08Naturaliste\uff09\u8f6e\u8239\u4e0a\u5378\u4e0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u6709\u7684\u662f\u597d\u671b\u89d2\u603b\u7763\u7684\u8d60\u793c\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8d2d\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5c9b\u5730\u533a\u3002\u4ece1815\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u79d1\u8003\u961f\u6025\u5267\u589e\u591a\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6216\u50cf\u8def\u6613\u65af\u2026\u4f0a\u897f\u591a\u5c14\u00b7\u8fea\u4f69\u96f7\uff08Louis\u2026IsidoreDuperrey\uff09\u3001\u83b1\u6602\u2026\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u74e6\u626c\uff08L\u00e9on\u2026LouisVaillant\uff09\u548c\u8def\u6613\u65af\u2026\u9a6c\u91cc\u00b7\u8fea\u73c0\u8482\u2026\u56fe\u963f\u65af\uff08Louis\u2026MarieDupetit\u2026Thouars\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u822a\u6d77\u5bb6\uff1b\u96c5\u514b\u00b7\u70ed\u62c9\u5c14\u00b7\u7c73\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\uff08JacquesG\u00e9rardMilbert\uff09\u66fe\u4ece\u54c8\u5fb7\u900a\u6d77\u6e7e\u5e26\u56de49\u53ea\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u548c70\u53ea\u9e1f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u5168\u90fd\u6d3b\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u662f\u4ece\u4f26\u6566\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u8fc8\u7d22\u5c14\u82cf\u4e39\uff08SultanofMysore\uff09\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u4ee3\u8868\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u7c73\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u7531\u6ce2\u5c14\u591a\u5546\u4eba\u8fea\u53d9\u7c73\u5c14\uff08Dussumier\uff09\u88c5\u5907\u9f50\u6574\u7684\u5e03\u51af\u53f7\uff08Buffon\uff09\u548c\u4e54\u6cbb\u2026\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u53f7\uff08Georges\u2026Cuvier\uff09\u8f6e\u8239\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5e26\u56de\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5927\u578b\u52a8\u7269\uff1bJ\u2026S\u00b7C\u00b7\u8fea\u8499\u00b7\u5fb7\u4e8e\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08J\u3002\u2026S\u3002C\u3002Dumontd\u2019Urville\uff09\u4e58\u5750\u661f\u76d8\u53f7\uff08Astrolabe\uff09\u5230\u8fbe\u4e86\u5357\u6781\uff08\u4ed6\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u68d5\u9e6c\u9e35\uff09\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u6709\u5b9e\u529b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u961f\u3002\u4e3a\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6548\u529b\u7684A\u00b7\u7ef4\u514b\u66fc\uff08A\u3002Vekeman\uff09\u6e38\u730e\u975e\u6d32\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u66fe\u4ece\u4e00\u652f\u65c5\u884c\u961f\u90a3\u91cc\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86\u4e00\u53ea\u7334\u5b50\uff08\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u6b7b\u4e86\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u4ece\u9082\u9005\u4e8e\u585e\u62c9\u5229\u6602\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u53eb\u9ed1\u5fb7\u5c14\uff08Headle\uff09\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\u4e70\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u53ea\u7334\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u8003\u5bdf\u961f\u8fd4\u4e61\u540e\uff0c\u6210\u5458\u4eec\u4f1a\u628a\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u73cd\u7a00\u52a8\u7269\u5356\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5c06\u5927\u91cf\u4f7f\u8005\u6d3e\u5230\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u5c5e\u897f\u975e\u3001\u9a6c\u8fbe\u52a0\u65af\u52a0\uff07\u535a\u514b\u6258\uff08Bocteau\uff09\uff0c1939~40\u5e74\uff07\u548c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff07\u5b89\u8d1d\u5c14\uff08Imbert\uff09\uff0c1926\u5e74\uff07\u3002\u9e1f\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u514b\u83b1\u5c14\uff08Cl\u00e8res\uff09\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u8005\u8ba9\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u5e93\u5c14\uff08JeanDelacour\uff09\u66fe\u57281932~40\u5e74\u95f4\u5e26\u98867\u4e2a\u8003\u5bdf\u961f\u524d\u5f80\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\uff0c\u8fd8\u66fe\u4ee3\u8868\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u5df4\u9ece\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e0e\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e26\u961f\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u9a6c\u8fbe\u52a0\u65af\u52a0\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u65c5\u884c\u672d\u8bb0\u5927\u83b7\u6210\u529f\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5173\u4e66\u7c4d\u4e5f\u540d\u566a\u4e00\u65f6\u3002\u5f88\u96be\u4f30\u91cf\u67e5\u5c14\u65af&#8226\uff1b\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\uff08CharlesDarwin\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\u300b\uff08ExpressionoftheEmotionsinManandAnimals\uff0c1872\u5e74\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u6709\u591a\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6b64\u524d\u4ec5\u88ab\u9690\u7ea6\u6697\u793a\u7684\u4eba\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8d8b\u540c\u6027\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002\u7545\u9500\u4e66\u300a\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u7684\u7231\u60c5\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\uff08LaVied\u2019amourdanslanature\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u8005W\u00b7\u535a\u5c14\u514b\uff08W\u3002B&ouml\uff1blsche\uff09\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u683c\u00b7\u8d6b\u514b\uff08LudwigHeck\uff09\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u50cf\u8d6b\u514b\u4e00\u6837\u662f\u4e2a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7\u6258\u7f57\uff08HenryDavidThoreau\uff09\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u6811\u7684\u751f\u547d\u300b\uff08TheLifeofTrees\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0e\u62c9\u8fea\u4e9a\u5fb7\u00b7\u57fa\u666e\u6797\uff08RudyardKipling\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u522b\u5177\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u7eaa\u5b9e\u5c0f\u8bf4\u548c\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u7cbe\u5f69\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u897f\u6b27\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u4f20\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u8f83\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c1\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e66\u7c4d\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u4e0d\u52a0\u63a9\u9970\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u5f85\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u65b0\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u717d\u8d77\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u9732\u9aa8\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4eba\u7269\u683c\u96f7\u00b7\u5965\u5c14\uff08GreyOwl\uff09\u6b7b\u4e8e1938\u5e74\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u6b64\u524d\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u901a\u8fc7\u4e66\u520a\u548c\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u72e9\u730e\u8005\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u4e8b\u8ff9\u4f20\u904d\u4e86\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u300a\u751f\u64d2\u6d3b\u6349\u300b\uff08Bring\u2019emBackAlive\uff09\u662f\u5f17\u5170\u514b&#8226\uff1b\u5df4\u514b\uff08FrankBuck? \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u901a\u8fc7\u4e66\u520a\u548c\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u72e9\u730e\u8005\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u4e8b\u8ff9\u4f20\u904d\u4e86\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u300a\u751f\u64d2\u6d3b\u6349\u300b\uff08Bring\u2019emBackAlive\uff09\u662f\u5f17\u5170\u514b&#8226\uff1b\u5df4\u514b\uff08FrankBuck\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u5f97\u514b\u8428\u65af\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u730e\u4eba\uff0c\u8d29\u5356\u5a46\u7f57\u6d32\u7329\u7329\u548c\u201c\u98df\u4eba\u864e\u201d\u3002\u745e\u5178\u4f5c\u5bb6\u672c\u7279\u00b7\u535a\u683c\uff08BengtBerg\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u4e86\u5fb7\u8bed\u548c\u4fc4\u8bed\u3002\u300a\u963f\u5e03&#8226\uff1b\u9a6c\u514b\u5e03\u5386\u9669\u8bb0\u300b\uff08LesAdventuresd\u2019AbuMarkub\uff09\u3001\u300aMonamilepluvier\u300b\u548c\u300a\u8001\u864e\u4e0e\u4eba\u300b\uff08LeTigreetl\u2019Homme\uff09\u90fd\u63cf\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u8bb8\u591a\u90e8\u5f71\u7247\u7684\u7537\u4e3b\u89d2\u3002\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u57c3\u5229\u73c0\uff08PaulEliper\uff09\u57281941\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u6709\u5173\u5df4\u9ece\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u540d\u8457\u300a\u91ce\u517d\u6ce8\u89c6\u7740\u4f60\u300b\uff08LesB\u00eatesvousregardent\uff09\u30021946\u5e74\uff0c\u6d1b\u4f26\u8328&#8226\uff1b\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\uff08LorenzHagenbeck\uff09\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u7684\u6cd5\u6587\u7248\u300a\u6211\u559c\u7231\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u300b\uff08CesB\u00eatesquej\u2019aimais\uff09\u95ee\u4e16\uff0c\u5361\u5c14&#8226\uff1b\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u7684\u300a\u6ca1\u6709\u680f\u6746\u7684\u7b3c\u5b50\u300b\uff08Cagessansbarreaux\uff09\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0&#8226\uff1b\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\uff08JohnHagenbeck\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5fa1\u864e\u4e39\u5c3c\u300b\uff08Danneh\uff1btigreroyal\uff09\u7d27\u968f\u5176\u540e\uff081953\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u50cfH\u00b7\u57c3\u8fea\u683c\uff08H\u3002Hediger\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u6279\u5e74\u8f7b\u6709\u4e3a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6210\u957f\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8bf4\u6765\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u72e9\u730e\u6545\u4e8b\u518d\u6b21\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5174\u8da3\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u72e9\u730e\u6545\u4e8b\uff01\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u52a8\u7269\u5c60\u6740\u80fd\u5c06\u6740\u4eba\u7f6a\u884c\u4e00\u7b14\u52fe\u9500\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u968f\u7740\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7535\u89c6\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u6709\u6240\u51cf\u5f31\u3002\u6770\u62c9\u5c14\u5fb7\u00b7\u8fbe\u96f7\u5c14\uff08GeraldDurrell\uff09\u9760\u4ed6\u7684\u63a2\u9669\u4f20\u5947\uff081961\u5e74\u7531BBC\u5728\u585e\u62c9\u5229\u6602\u62cd\u6210\u7535\u5f71\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u5bcc\u7fc1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1959\u5e74\u5728\u6cfd\u897f\u5c9b\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5728\u540e\u671f\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u63cf\u5199\u8fc7\u6cfd\u897f\u5c9b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u5ea7\u8bfa\u4e9a\u65b9\u821f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u6fd2\u5371\u52a8\u7269\u4e3a\u5b97\u65e8\u30021963\u5e74\uff0c\u8fbe\u96f7\u5c14\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u6cfd\u897f\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u57fa\u91d1\uff0c\u57fa\u91d1\u76846000\u540d\u6210\u5458\u6765\u81ea38\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fbe\u96f7\u5c14\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e5f\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u6210\u529f\u5730\u4e3a\u6297\u4e89\u4e4b\u58f0\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u9053\u8def\u3002\u5148\u662f\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u00b7\u6885\u897f\u8036\uff08Andr\u00e9Mercier\uff0c\u67d0\u79d1\u8003\u961f\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u6210\u4e3a\u72e9\u730e\u5bb6\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u662f\u300a\u98ce\u4e4b\u773c\u300b\uff08EyeoftheWind\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u7279\uff08PeterScott\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u662f\u8ba9\u2026\u4f0a\u592b\u00b7\u591a\u9a6c\u5170\uff08Jean\u2026YvesDomalain\uff09\uff0c\u4e09\u4eba\u90fd\u6700\u7ec8\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u65e7\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u516c\u5f00\u8c34\u8d23\u72e9\u730e\u548c\u6355\u6349\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u6b64\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u9635\u8425\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u3000\u5e1d\u56fd\u8363\u8000\uff083\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5546\u54c1\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u975e\u6d32\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u201c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5546\u54c1\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u201c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8d44\u6e90\u201d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u4e0d\u52a0\u601c\u60dc\u5730\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u4ee3\u4ef7\u4e5f\u9ad8\u5f97\u53ef\u6015\u2014\u2014\u81f3\u5c11\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u652f\u65c5\u884c\u961f\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u3002\u8fd9\u652f\u6ee1\u8f7d\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u961f\u4f0d\u7528\u51e0\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7a7f\u8d8a\u4e86\u82cf\u4e39\u7684\u707c\u70ed\u6c99\u6f20\uff0c\u6bcf\u65e5\u5747\u5728\u591c\u95f4\u884c\u8fdb\u3002\u4e00\u53ea\u6cb3\u9a6c\u88ab\u5377\u5728\u517d\u76ae\u5236\u6210\u7684\u62c5\u67b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e24\u5934\u5355\u5cf0\u9a7c\u9a6e\u7740\u5b83\uff0c\u53e6\u4e24\u5934\u9a6e\u7740\u5b83\u7684\u6d17\u6fa1\u6c34\u3002\u5c71\u7f8a\u8ddf\u5728\u540e\u9762\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u54fa\u80b2\u5e7c\u5c0f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u6b7b\u5728\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5229\u9f7f\u4e0b\u3002\u6839\u636eJ\u00b7V\u00b7\u591a\u9a6c\u5170\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4e8b\u60c5\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8001\u631d\u4ecd\u5c5e\u53f8\u7a7a\u89c1\u60ef\uff1a\u53d7\u4f24\u7684\u732b\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u70b9\u6c34\u559d\uff0c\u5c31\u88ab\u629b\u5f03\u5728\u708e\u708e\u70c8\u65e5\u4e0b\uff0c\u574f\u75bd\u7684\u53cc\u817f\u4ecd\u88ab\u7ed1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u66fe\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u4ece\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u6d77\u89d2\uff08CapeofGeorgia\uff09\u8fd0\u5f80\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u7684\u4f53\u91cd1410\u516c\u65a4\u7684\u6d77\u8c61\u5728\u957f\u8fbe40\u5929\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u6d17\u6fa1\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u98df\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u65c5\u884c\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u975e\u5e38\u8270\u82e6\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u57281810\u5e74\uff0c\u4ece\u5a46\u7f57\u6d32\u5230\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8981\u7528\u63893\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u7a7f\u8fc7\u767d\u96ea\u7691\u7691\u7684\u6bd4\u5229\u725b\u65af\u5c71\u8109\u5230\u8fbe\u5df4\u9ece\u53c8\u9700\u8017\u65f6\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u3002\u57281824\u5e74\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u82e6\u884c6\u4e2a\u6708\u624d\u80fd\u5c06\u4e00\u5934\u5370\u5ea6\u5927\u8c61\u9001\u5230\u5df4\u9ece\uff1b1850\u5e74\u662f5\u4e2a\u6708\uff1b1870\u5e74\u662f62\u5929\u3002\u5230\u8fbe\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5f80\u5f80\u5df2\u7ecf\u7b4b\u75b2\u529b\u5c3d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5e38\u6709\u6655\u8239\u75c7\u72b6\u3002\u76f4\u52301928\u5e74\uff0c\u4ece\u5580\u9ea6\u9686\u6216\u9a6c\u8fbe\u52a0\u65af\u52a0\u5230\u91cc\u6602\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4ecd\u9700\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u52a8\u7269\u6194\u60b4\u4e0d\u582a\uff0c\u4f24\u75c5\u7f20\u8eab\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u201c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7269\u8d44\u7684\u5305\u88c5\uff08\u91cc\u6602\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u57281934\u5e74\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff09\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ec5\u524d\u7aef\u52a0\u56fa\u7684\u5c0f\u7b3c\u5b50\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u540e\u7aef\u9003\u8dd1\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u5229\u722a\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5267\u70c8\u98a0\u7c38\u4e2d\u6293\u4f24\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5931\u8840\u81f4\u6b7b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u773c\u775b\u6316\u6389\u3002\u5927\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u7279\u5236\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u8fd0\u8f93\u8239\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u30021923\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u521a\u679c\u7684\u6cb3\u8fd0\u670d\u52a1\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e2a\u5546\u5bb6\u5f00\u51fa\u4e86\u6bcf\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\u8d27\u726950\u6cd5\u90ce\u7684\u8bf1\u4eba\u4ef7\u683c\u3002\u8fd0\u8f93\u5927\u578b\u52a8\u7269\u8981\u591a\u6536\u4e00\u5f20\u5934\u7b49\u8231\u7968\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u98df\u7269\uff1a\u8981\u8fd0\u9001\u4e00\u53ea\u5370\u5ea6\u8c61\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u8239\u88c5\u8f7d2000\u516c\u65a4\u5e72\u8349\u30011200\u652f\u9999\u8549\u3001500\u6839\u7518\u8517\u548c400\u5934\u7eff\u767d\u83dc\u3002\u88c5\u8239\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u7329\u7329\u53ea\u80fd\u5403\u5230\u51d1\u5408\u7740\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u5c0f\u51b0\u7bb1\u91cc\u7684\u7cdf\u7cd5\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u6c34\u65cf\u7f38\u7684\u6c34\u8d28\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5408\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u7a7a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7269\u8d77\u59cb\u4e8e1948\u5e74\uff0c\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u548c\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u603b\u5428\u4f4d\u9ad8\u5f97\u60ca\u4eba\u3002\u6839\u636e1894\u5e7412\u670818\u65e5\u520a\u7684\u300a\u5c0f\u9a6c\u8d5b\u4eba\u300b\uff08LePetitMarseillais\uff09\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u8425\u4e1a\u989d\u5355\u5728\u9a6c\u8d5b\u6e2f\u5c31\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86566000\u6cd5\u90ce\u3002\u4ece1866\u5e74\u52301886\u5e74\uff0c\u5361\u5c14&#8226\uff1b\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u5171\u51fa\u53e3\u4e86\u5927\u7ea6700\u53ea\u8c79\uff0c1000\u53ea\u72ee\u5b50\uff0c400\u53ea\u8001\u864e\uff0c1000\u5934\u718a\uff0c800\u53ea\u9b23\u72d7\uff0c300\u5934\u5927\u8c61\uff0c79\u5934\u7280\u725b\uff0870\u5934\u6765\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u722a\u54c7\u548c\u82cf\u95e8\u7b54\u814a\uff0c9\u5934\u6765\u81ea\u975e\u6d32\uff09\uff0c300\u5934\u9a86\u9a7c\uff0c150\u5934\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\uff0c600\u53ea\u7f9a\u7f8a\uff0c\u6570\u4e07\u53ea\u7334\u5b50\uff0c\u6570\u5343\u6761\u9cc4\u9c7c\u3001\u87d2\u86c7\u548c\u5de8\u87d2\uff08\u4ed6\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4ee5\u6b21\u89c1\u957f\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca10\u4e07\u591a\u53ea\u9e1f\u3002\u5362\u74e6\u6cfd\u5c14\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e861910\u5e74\u521d\u5206\u522b\u4ece\u897f\u975e\u3001\u5409\u5e03\u63d0\u3001\u9521\u5170\u3001\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u4e2d\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u90e8\u4ee5\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u8fd0\u51fa\u76846\u6279\u8d27\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u578b\u54fa\u4e73\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u5171150\u53ea\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fd8\u4e0d\u7b97\u5176\u4ed6\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u9e1f\u7c7b\uff0840\u53ea\u9e35\u9e1f\uff09\u548c600\u53ea\u7334\u5b50\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
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\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u662f\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4ea4\u6613\u70ed\u571f\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u96c5\u514b\u00b7\u51ef\u5179\uff08JacquesKets\uff09\uff0c\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u5e02\u573a\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u957f\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u805a\u4f1a\u5730\u70b9\u3002\u4ee5\u7164\u70ad\u8d38\u6613\u4e3a\u7ebd\u5e26\u4e0e\u5409\u5e03\u63d0\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8054\u7684\u6c49\u5821\u5e02\u662f\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u7684\u9886\u5730\u3002\u65b0\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6e2f\u53e3\uff08\u8fbe\u5580\u5c14\uff0c1857\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3\u7684\u5f00\u901a\u4f7f\u52a8\u7269\u8d38\u6613\u83b7\u76ca\u532a\u6d45\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\u548c\u5357\u975e\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u72ec\u5360\u9ccc\u5934\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6355\u730e\u8005\u7684\u56fd\u7c4d\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u4e4b\u524d\u5e76\u65e0\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u72b6\u51b5\u4fbf\u76f8\u5f53\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ecf\u5e38\u5c06\u5e03\u62c9\u67f4\u7ef4\u5c14\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u6743\u6388\u4e88\u82f1\u56fd\u6216\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u7d22\u9a6c\u91cc\u548c\u82cf\u4e39\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u5927\u8c61\u3001\u9ed1\u7280\u725b\uff081868\u5e74\uff0c\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u8fd9\u91cc\u8fdb\u53e3\u9ed1\u7280\u725b\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u3001\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u548c\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u8001\u864e\uff09\u6355\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5c3d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u5728\u4e9a\u5f97\u91cc\u4e9a\u6d77\u7684\u5e03\u91cc\u4e9a\u5c3c\u5c9b\uff08Briani\uff09\u4e0a\u7a0d\u4e8b\u4f11\u6574\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u53d6\u9053\u5409\u5e03\u63d0\u5230\u8fbe\u5e03\u6797\u8fea\u897f\uff08Brindisi\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u65c5\u884c\u7eaa\u5f55\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u6208\u58c1\u6ee9\u3001\u52aa\u6bd4\u4e9a\u3001\u52a0\u5947\uff08Gach\uff09\u548c\u8292\u7279\u8428\u54c8\u5c3c\uff08MountSahaney\uff09\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u2014\u2014\u963f\u535c\u675c\u62c9\u00b7\u5965\u5e93\u7279\uff08AbdullahOkoutt\uff09\u66fe\u5728\u8292\u7279\u8428\u54c8\u5c3c\u6355\u83b726\u53ea\u96cc\u6027\u5927\u72d2\u72d2\u3002\u5580\u571f\u7a46\u526f\u9886\u4e8b\u4f69\u745f\u91cc\u514b\uff08Petherick\uff09\u4ee5\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\u5411\u5404\u7c7b\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f9b\u5e94\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u96c5\u59c6\u62c9\u8d6b\uff08CharlesJamrach\uff09\u672c\u662f\u6c49\u5821\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e0a\u6807\u77401799\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e74\u4efd\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u4e0e\u4e00\u4f4d\u8239\u957f\u4e00\u9053\u8d29\u5356\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5c0f\u6446\u8bbe\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u96c7\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5411\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u4f9b\u5e94\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8303\u5b89\u5e03\u5c14\uff08VanAmburgh\uff09\u7684\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\uff1b\u6b64\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u51fa\u552e\u52a8\u7269\u7eaa\u5ff5\u54c1\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u7269\u54c1\u3002\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u96c5\u59c6\u62c9\u8d6b\u57281840~91\u5e74\u95f4\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4e8e\u8d38\u6613\u5708\uff0c\u662f\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9876\u5c16\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u88ab\u585e\u5728\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u5c0f\u7b3c\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u51b2\u9f3b\u6076\u81ed\u4ee4\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u5fcd\u53d7\u30021894\u5e74\uff0c\u827e\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u96c5\u59c6\u62c9\u8d6b\uff08AlbertEdwardJamrach\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u5723\u4e54\u6cbb\u5927\u8857180\u53f7\uff09\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u8fd9\u9879\u751f\u610f\u3002\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u514b\u7f57\u65af\uff08EdwardCross\uff09\u5148\u540e\u5728\u5229\u7269\u6d66\u548cExterChange\u5efa\u8d77\u4e86\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7801\u5934\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u6c14\u751a\u81f3\u76d6\u8fc7\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u96c5\u59c6\u62c9\u8d6b\uff0c\u6240\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u5374\u4e0e\u540e\u8005\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff1a\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u7eaa\u5ff5\u54c1\uff0c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u7f8e\u5176\u540d\u66f0\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u539f\u6837\u7247\u65ad\u201d\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u7269\u54c1\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u6863\u6848\u4e5f\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u82f1\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u30021900\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u8096\u00b7\u8fc8\u8036\uff08FredShawMeyer\uff09\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u5f17\u7f57\u65af\u7279\uff08WilfredFrost\uff09\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b1920\u5e74\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u7684J\u00b7D\u00b7\u54c8\u59c6\u6797\uff08J\u3002D\u3002Hamlyn\uff09\u548c\u5361\u59c6\u767b\u9547\uff08CamdenTown\uff09\u7684\u5e15\u5c14\u9ed8\u516c\u53f8\uff08Palmer\u2019s\uff09\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u4ece\u6cd5\u56fd\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u627e\u5230\u6709\u5173\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u67e5\u666e\u66fc\uff08Chapman\uff0c1926\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u73cd\u7a00\u52a8\u7269\u5546\u8d29\u7231\u5fb7\u52a0\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\uff08EdgarBell\uff0c\u5fb7\u62c9\u798f\u5fb7\u5927\u885749\u53f7\uff09\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u3000\u5e1d\u56fd\u8363\u8000\uff084\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c49\u5821\u5e02\u5723\u4fdd\u5229\u533a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9c7c\u8d29\u7684\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u5361\u5c14&#8226\uff1b\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u5d1b\u8d77\u4e8e\u5e73\u51e1\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u4ece1866\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5148\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u7531\u8457\u540d\u7684\u827e\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u5e03\u96f7\u59c6\uff08AlfredBrehm\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6c49\u5821\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u3002\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u6298\u4e0d\u6263\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5947\u624d\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u4e8e1883\u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f00\u529e\u4e86\u5546\u5e97\uff0c\u540e\u53c8\u4e8e1887\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u3002\u4ed6\u624b\u4e0b\u7684\u730e\u624b\u5468\u6e38\u5168\u7403\uff0c\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u4ed6\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u81f3\u9ad8\u8363\u8a89\u30021844\u5e74\u5b9a\u5c45\u4e8e\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u96f7\u65bd\uff08Reiche\uff09\u5144\u5f1f\u64c5\u957f\u8d29\u5356\u6dd8\u91d1\u70ed\u4e2d\u7684\u77ff\u5de5\u4eec\u6240\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u91d1\u4e1d\u96c0\u3002M&#8226\uff1b\u9c81\uff08M\u3002Ruhe\uff09\u66fe\u5728\u963f\u5c14\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Alfeld\uff0c\u6c49\u8bfa\u5a01\u9644\u8fd1\uff09\u4e0e\u4e24\u5144\u5f1f\u5408\u4f5c\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u3002\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4ece\u730e\u4eba\u8303\u6208\u6069\u65af\u5148\u751f\uff08MynheerVanGoens\uff09\u90a3\u91cc\u5b9a\u8d2d\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5728Cros\u2026de\u2026Cagnes\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662fG\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u5df4\u897f\u83b1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08G\u3002von\u3002Basilevski\uff09\u9a6f\u5316\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u7ecf\u7531\u9a6c\u8d5b\u6e2f\u8fd0\u9001\u7ed9\u4ed6\uff09\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u9c81\u5199\u6210\u4e86\u300aWildeTiere\uff1bFreHaus\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u30021935\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u9a6f\u517d\u5e08\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9ed8\u5c14\u514b\uff08AugusteM&ouml\uff1blker\uff09\u548c\u540c\u80de\u5f17\u6717\u5179\u00b7\u514b\u62c9\u59c6\u5c14\uff08FranzKraml\uff09\u4f9b\u8d27\uff0c\u5927\u540d\u9f0e\u9f0e\u7684\u514b\u62c9\u59c6\u5c14\u662f\u8428\u62c9\u897f\u5c3c\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\uff08SarasiniCircus\uff09\u548c\u767e\u72ee\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\uff08CircusofaHundredLions\uff09\u7684\u9a6f\u72ee\u5e08\uff0c\u66fe\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u66b4\u541b\u711a\u57ce\u5f55\u300b\uff08QuoVadis\uff09\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u8272\u30021960\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u9c81\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc\uff08Hermann\uff09\u5c06\u6765\u81ea\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u51fa\u53e3\u5230\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\uff1b\u4ed6\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u4eec\u5219\u4e8e1991\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u52a0\u5dde\u5723\u4f55\u585e\u513f\u7ae5\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u3002\u67cf\u6797\u5546\u4eba\u5965\u6258\u00b7\u57c3\u5e03\u9f99\uff08OttoHebron\uff09\u548c\u5f17\u6717\u5179\u00b7\u5361\u66fe\u65af\u5766\uff08FranzKatzenstein\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281925\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u201c\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6700\u5927\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8fd0\u8f93\u961f\u201d\uff09\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e8b\u60c5\u4ece\u672a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u3001\u9a6f\u517d\u5e08\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u640f\u6597\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u80b2\u79cd\u5bb6\u548c\u6355\u9e1f\u4eba\u5076\u5c14\u4f1a\u51fa\u552e\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5728\u8428\u9a6c\u91cc\u5766\uff08Samaritaine\uff09\u8fd8\u53ef\u4e70\u5230\u7f8e\u6d32\u72e8\u7334\u30021920\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9986\u957f\u8d28\u7591\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5546\u8d29\u4eec\u6253\u7740\u56fd\u5916\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u65d7\u53f7\u8d2d\u4e70\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u5546\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7f62\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u89c6\u73cd\u7a00\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u5e74\u9f84\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u96be\u6613\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u5343\u5dee\u4e07\u522b\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u6b7b\u4ea1\u98ce\u9669\u7531\u4e70\u65b9\u627f\u62c5\uff1b\u6bd4\u5982\u57281831\u5e74\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u52a8\u7269\u56ed4\u6708\u4efd\u4ece\u96c5\u59c6\u62c9\u8d6b\u90a3\u91cc\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u7334\u5b50\u53ea\u6d3b\u5230\u4e866\u6708\u4efd\u3002\u4e00\u53ea\u8c79\u5b50\u57281809\u5e74\u503c10\u4e2a\u8def\u6613\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5934\u6765\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u767d\u7280\u725b\u57281850\u5e74\u88ab\u6807\u4ee560\u91cc\u5f17\u5c14\u7684\u5929\u4ef7\u3002\u72ee\u5b50\u6570\u591a\u4ef7\u5ec9\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u503c5000\u523010000\u6cd5\u90ce\uff1b\u91cc\u6602\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u7f8e\u672f\u6559\u6388\u5e74\u85aa3000\u6cd5\u90ce\uff0c\u80fd\u4e70\u5f97\u8d77\u9cc4\u9c7c\u3001\u9a86\u9a7c\u3001\u718a\uff08800\u6cd5\u90ce\u5de6\u53f3\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4e00\u53ea\u76f8\u5f53\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u8001\u864e\uff081000\u81f34000\u6cd5\u90ce\uff09\u3002\u6700\u73cd\u5947\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u6602\u8d35\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u6218\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u5df2\u88ab\u9a6f\u5316\u7684\u6cb3\u9a6c\u503c8000\u6cd5\u90ce\uff1b\u89c6\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e00\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u53ef\u80fd\u53564000\u523025000\u6cd5\u90ce\u4e0d\u7b49\uff1b\u5317\u6781\u718a\u6bd4\u4ef7\u503c15000\u6cd5\u90ce\u7684\u6591\u9a6c\u4fbf\u5b9c\u4e00\u70b9\uff1b\u4f46\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u8fbe\u5230\u4e8625000\u6cd5\u90ce\u3002\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u5403\u60ca\u7684\u662f\u7280\u725b\uff0c\u5b83\u90a330000\u6cd5\u90ce\u7684\u8eab\u4ef7\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u540d\u52b3\u5de520\u5e74\u7684\u85aa\u6c34\uff01\u57281965\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u864e\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u9ed1\u7280\u725b\u6216\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u7329\u7329\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0e\u4e00\u8f86\u4f4e\u6863\u6c7d\u8f66\u76f8\u5f53\uff0810000\u6cd5\u90ce\u5de6\u53f3\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u53ea\u503c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u76841\/3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u718a\u732b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u582a\u6bd4\u4e00\u8f86\u8c6a\u534e\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0875000\u6cd5\u90ce\uff09 \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u52fa\u7b25\u9065\ue800\ue0ed\u6062\u7f13\u8c1b\u5c1a\u828d\u6062\u5ae1\u98e7\u936a\ue440\u503c?\/3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u718a\u732b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u582a\u6bd4\u4e00\u8f86\u8c6a\u534e\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0875000\u6cd5\u90ce\uff09\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u3000\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u7136\uff081\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8bde\u751f\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\uff0c\u57f9\u6839\u548c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7684\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u7406\u60f3\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bb8\u591a18\u4e16\u7eaa\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u70ed\u5207\u613f\u671b\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879\u7531\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4fc3\u6210\u3001\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8be5\u7c7b\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff1a\u7f8e\u6cc9\u5bab\u548c\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\uff08\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e0e\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\uff09\u662f\u7531\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u3002\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u535a\u7269\u9986\u57281801\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u98de\u901f\u6210\u957f\uff1a\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5f97\u4ee5\u6269\u5145\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea7\u6e29\u5ba4\u5e73\u5730\u800c\u8d77\uff0c\u690d\u7269\u5e8a\u4e5f\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5b83\u8fdb\u6b65\u795e\u901f\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4ece\u6559\u5e2d\u6570\u8fd8\u662f\u6559\u6388\u540d\u58f0\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u90fd\u5df2\u8fbe\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6c34\u51c6\u3002\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u5730\u542f\u52a8\u4e86\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u70ed\u70b9\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u79c1\u4eba\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\u751a\u81f3\u5e02\u653f\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u5b97\u65e8\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u56e2\u4f53\u5f15\u9886\u4e86\u5404\u65b9\u534f\u4f5c\u3002\u57281877\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5e02\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u5411\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u5757\u571f\u5730\u4f9b\u5176\u4fee\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\uff0c\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u9986\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f14\u8bb2\u5385\u548c\u4f9b\u5927\u5b66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6280\u672f\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u662f\u4f18\u5148\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u4e3a\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u6539\u9020\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u9a6f\u670d\u81ea\u7136\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u6210\u5f62\u4e8e1792\u5e74\u2014\u2014\u6b64\u524d\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5021\u8bae\u8005\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u6e34\u671b\u7ee7\u627f\u5e03\u51af\u7684\u9057\u5fd7\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e8b\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u673a\u6784\u3002\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u4e39\u00b7\u5fb7\u5723\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ec5\u9760\u5206\u6790\u76ae\u80a4\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u9057\u9ab8\u548c\u79cd\u5c5e\u7c7b\u522b\u8fd8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u7ec6\u81f4\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u6d41\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f80\u5f80\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u91ce\u5916\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u7a0b\u3002\u60df\u67091804\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u62c5\u4efb\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u7684\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u667a\u529b\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u548c\u9a6f\u5316\u6027\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u201c\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u201d\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u52a8\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6210\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u6559\u6388\u82e5\u5f17\u9c81\u74e6\u00b7\u5723\u4f0a\u83b1\u5c14\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5723\u4f0a\u83b1\u5c14\u4e0d\u4ec5\u57281837\u5e74\u5bf9\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u6559\u5e2d\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u6a2a\u52a0\u963b\u6320\uff0c\u8fd8\u5728\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u4e8e1838\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u4e4b\u540e\u64a4\u6389\u4e86\u4e4b\u524d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5e2d\u3002\u7ecf\u6b64\u632b\u6298\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u6c89\u5bc2\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5e74\u3002\u4f26\u6566\uff08\u59821835\u5e74\u5bf9\u4e00\u53ea\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff09\u548c\u67cf\u6797\uff081876\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u7329\u7329\uff09\u867d\u6709\u6240\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u6210\u6c14\u5019\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\u662f\u4e09\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u5171\u540c\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u6574\u4e2a\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u6291\u5236\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u9ad8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u662f\u56da\u517b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f1a\u4ee4\u884c\u4e3a\u626d\u66f2\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000R&#8226\uff1b\u54c8\u7279\u66fc\uff08R\u3002Hartmann\uff09\u5bf9\u7c7b\u4eba\u733f\u7684\u8457\u540d\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff081886\u5e74\uff09\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u597d\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u4e60\u6027\u7740\u58a8\u751a\u6d45\uff0812\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4ec5\u5360\u4e24\u7ae0\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c06\u91ce\u5916\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5206\u5f97\u4e00\u6e05\u4e8c\u695a\u3002\u91ce\u5916\u89c2\u5bdf\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5bf9\u65c5\u884c\u8bb0\u8ff0\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5206\u6790\uff09\u6d89\u53ca\u5206\u5e03\u533a\u57df\u3001\u8fc1\u5f99\u89c4\u5f8b\u3001\u996e\u98df\u4e60\u60ef\u4ee5\u53ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u9879\u81ea\u7ef4\u514b\u6258\u00b7\u57c3\u65af\u76ae\u7eb3\u65af\uff08VictorEspinas\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\uff08Dessoci\u00e9t\u00e9s\uff0c1878\u5e74\uff09\u95ee\u4e16\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e2a\u70ed\u95e8\u8bfe\u9898\uff1b\u56da\u517b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bf9\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u7329\u7329\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u548c\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u53ea\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5219\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u667a\u529b\u8ff9\u8c61\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u5316\u59ff\u52bf\u548c\u4e3e\u52a8\uff08\u53cc\u8db3\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5728\u684c\u4e0a\u8fdb\u9910\uff0c\u6e38\u620f\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u79cd\u4efb\u52a1\uff09\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u542b\u91cf\u3002\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u54c8\u7279\u66fc\u662f\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u4eec\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u4ed6\u662f\u5728\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c1865\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u539f\u7406\u6240\u6fc0\u8d77\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u9a6f\u517b\u4e4b\u68a6\u662f\u80cc\u666f\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u54c8\u7279\u66fc\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0e\u67e5\u5c14\u65af&#8226\uff1b\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\uff081871\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u4fe1\u5f92\uff07\u5982\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u667a\u529b\u300b\uff08AnimalIntelligence\uff0c1882\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u65af\uff08GeorgeJohnRomanes\uff09\uff07\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u800c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4fbf\u662f\u63ed\u793a\u52a8\u7269\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u5fc3\u667a\u72b6\u6001\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u7c4d\u6b64\u8bc1\u660e\u4e24\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u59fb\u4eb2\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u731b\u70c8\u62a8\u51fb\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8c34\u8d23\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6b63\u5728\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7c\u7a1a\u7684\u62df\u4eba\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4fe1\u5949\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6216\u91ce\u5916\u52a8\u7269\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ad9\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5e03\u51af\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u662f\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u8bb0\u8ff0\u6027\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u800c\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u66fe\u57281800\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u52a8\u7269\u76ee\u5f55\uff1b\u52a8\u7269\u79cd\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u5b66\u62a5\u548c\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u548c\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u6837\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u89c2\u5bdf\u90fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u672a\u53d7\u56da\u517b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0a\uff1a\u59ff\u52bf\u3001\u52a8\u4f5c\u3001\u53eb\u58f0\u3001\u5582\u517b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u7e41\u6b96\u548c\u5bf9\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u7ea0\u6b63\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u586b\u8865\u7a7a\u767d\u5e76\u533a\u5206\u8054\u7cfb\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u6539\u826f\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5404\u5c31\u5404\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u542c\u5230\u4e00\u53ea\u7f8e\u6d32\u864e\u7684\u543c\u58f0\u540e\uff0c\u5723\u4f0a\u83b1\u5c14\u65ad\u5b9a\u5b83\u4e0d\u5c5e\u8c79\u7c7b\uff1b\u4e00\u53ea1835\u5e74\u843d\u811a\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u548c\u4e00\u53ea\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u7329\u7329\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5206\u6e05\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u4eba\u733f\u3002\u5728\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\uff0c\u9e1f\u820d\u548c\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\u5bf9\u6709\u5173\u9e1f\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u548c\u9c7c\u7c7b\u7e41\u6b96\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d21\u732e\u4e0d\u83f2\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u968f\u7740\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u66f4\u4f20\u795e\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u753b\u4e5f\u5e94\u8fd0\u800c\u751f\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5723\u4f0a\u83b1\u5c14\u4fbf\u662f\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4f26\u6566\u4e00\u53ea\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u7684\u201c\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u753b\u50cf\u201d\u65f6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u4e0e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u7329\u7329\u6709\u4f55\u533a\u522b\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b14\u89e6\u7cbe\u51c6\u7684\u9759\u6001\u4e34\u6479\u753b\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u7684\u76f8\u7247\uff09\u518d\u6b21\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u56fe\u793a\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u50a8\u5b58\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u753b\u5bb6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\uff0c\u5982\u52d2\u675c\u6cf0\uff08Redout\u00e9\uff09\u5144\u5f1f\u7684\u690d\u7269\u753b\u548c\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u9a6c\u96f7\u590f\u5c14\uff08NicolasMar\u00e9chal\uff09\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u753b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u753b\u5bb6\u8fd8\u4e3a\u4e24\u90e8\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u63d2\u56fe\uff1aE\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u585e\u4f69\u5fb7\uff08E\u3002deLac\u00e9p\u00e8de\uff09\u548c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u7684\u300a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u300b\uff08LaM\u00e9nagerieduMus\u00e9um\uff0c1801\u5e74\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5723\u4f0a\u83b1\u5c14\u548c\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u7684\u300a\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u53f2\u300b\uff08Histoirenaturelledesmammif\u00e8res\uff0c1819\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u6709\u4e3a\u7684\u5e73\u7248\u753b\u5bb6\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u5229\u5c14\uff07EdwardLear\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u753b\u4e3a\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u62fe\u9057\u300b\uff08GleaningsfromtheMenagerie\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u589e\u8272\u4e0d\u5c11\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5fb7\u6bd4\u52cb\u7235\u5728\u8bfa\u65af\u5229\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\uff07\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u53e4\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08JohnGould\uff09\u66fe\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u5747\u662f\u753b\u9e1f\u540d\u5bb6\u3002\u4ece1848\u5e74\u52301880\u5e74\uff0c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\uff08JosephWolf\uff09\u4e3a\u5b66\u4f1a\u6742\u5fd7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5e73\u7248\u753b\uff0c\u8fd8\u66fe\u4e3a\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u6982\u8bba\u300b\uff08ZoologicalSketches\uff0c1861~1867\uff09\u5236\u4f5c\u56fe\u7248\u3002\u4ece18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e00\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u4e24\u5927\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8be6\u5f55\u4e0e\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u50cf\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e5f\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8d21\u732e\u30021993\u5e74\u7684\u5df2\u77e5\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u57281800\u5e74\u53ea\u670910\uff05\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u52301890\u548c1930\u5e74\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5206\u522b\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u4e8650\uff05\u548c84\uff05\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u6295\u8eab\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5be5\u5be5\u65e0\u51e0\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f92\u6709\u8c6a\u8a00\u58ee\u8bed\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u9645\u6210\u679c\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u7684\u53ea\u6ce8\u91cd\u5927\u4f17\u5316\u548c\u4f11\u95f2\u5a31\u4e50\u3002\u5728\u9e7f\u7279\u4e39\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u548c\u5c0f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u6446\u8bbe\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5728\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c1843\u5e74\u4fbf\u5f00\u59cb\u89c4\u5212\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4e5f\u672a\u89c1\u8e2a\u5f71\uff0c\u800c\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u4e5f\u4ece\u672a\u4ed8\u8bf8\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8054\u7edc\u4e5f\u7f55\u89c1\u6210\u6548\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u5728\u91cc\u6602\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7cfb\u4ee5\u53ca\u517d\u533b\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u534f\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u6d1b\u5c14\u6cf0\uff08CharlesLortet\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9986\u957f\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u53ca\u533b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4e8e1880\u5e74\u529b\u4fc3\u5e02\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u821e\u53f0\u3002\u4f46\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u521b\u520a\u4e8e1872\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6863\u6848\u300b\uff08ArchivesduMus\u00e9um\uff09\u4e5f\u4ece\u672a\u53d1\u8868\u8fc7\u4e00\u7bc7\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u3000\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u7136\uff082\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6295\u8eab\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\u89c2\u5bdf\u6240\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e5f\u65e0\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u3002\u4ece1803\u5e74\u52301810\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5e74\u9274\u300b\uff08AnnalesduMus\u00e9um\uff09\u4e2d\u4ec5\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc77\u7bc7\u6709\u5173\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6bcf\u5e74\u6240\u520a\u767b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u8fbe50\u5230100\u7bc7\u4e4b\u591a\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300aRapporthistoriquesurlesprogr\u00e8sdessciencesnaturellesdepuis1789\u300b\uff081810\u5e74\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u53ea\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e86\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ec5\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7ed8\u753b\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5723\u4f0a\u83b1\u5c14\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u53ea\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5be5\u5be5\u6570\u7bc7\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08Mouvementsdelam\u00e9nagerie\uff09\u201d\u4e13\u680f\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u53f2\u300b\u4e5f\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u65a5\u5927\u91cf\u7bc7\u5e45\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u5730\u8c08\u8bba1870\u5e74\u7684\u70ae\u51fb\u5bf9\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u7684\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u6253\u51fb\uff0c\u5374\u4ec5\u7528\u77ed\u77ed\u4e24\u884c\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e00\u7b14\u5e26\u8fc7\uff01\u4f26\u6566\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u96be\u5f97\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u6e38\u56ed\u6307\u5357\uff081829~1830\uff09\u4ee5\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u4e2d\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\u89c2\u5bdf\u6beb\u65e0\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u3001\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u6c49\u5821\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6574\u4e2a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u5e76\u65e0\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c49\u5821\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u548c\u8bb0\u8ff0\u6027\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u8654\u8bda\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u827e\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u5e03\u96f7\u59c6\u5728\u64b0\u5199\u540d\u8457\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\uff08Viedesanimaux\uff0c1864~1869\uff09\u65f6\u5f88\u5c11\u53c2\u8003\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u662f1934\u5e74\u5728\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u7684\u9f13\u52a8\u4e0b\u5f00\u529e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u520a\u7269\u5374\u4ece\u672a\u63d0\u5230\u5b83\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u5927\u540c\u5c0f\u5f02\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u6210\u679c\u76f8\u6bd418\u4e16\u7eaa\u6765\u8bf4\u5e76\u65e0\u591a\u5c11\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8bb8\u591a\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ecd\u7136\u559c\u6b22\u94bb\u7814\u52a8\u7269\u9057\u9ab8\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u4e50\u4e8e\u89e3\u5256\u4efb\u4f55\u6b7b\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5728\u98df\u8089\u52a8\u7269\u9986\u7684\u65c1\u8fb9\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e4b\u540e\u5c3d\u5feb\u5f00\u59cb\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u5c31\u89e3\u5256\u6743\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u9057\u9ab8\u4fdd\u5b58\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u4e89\u6267\u4e0d\u4f11\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u57281840~41\u5e74\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6b7b\u4ea1\u52a8\u7269\u5206\u914d\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u30021906\u5e74\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u201c\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6709\u5173\u7684\u89c4\u7ae0\u201d\u843d\u7eb8\u6210\u6587\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5bf9\u6b7b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e5f\u715e\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u3002\u5728\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u548c\u90fd\u7075\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u9057\u9ab8\u4f1a\u88ab\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u9001\u5f80\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4ee5\u52a8\u7269\u9057\u4f53\u6362\u53d6\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d25\u8d34\u3002\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u8482\u5c14\u52a0\u85e4\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u6bd4\u8f83\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff1b\u5728\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u89e3\u5256\u7684\u662f\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u6b27\u6587\uff08RichardOwen\uff09\u548cC\u00b7T\u00b7\u5df4\u514b\u5170\uff08C\u3002T\u3002Buckland\uff09\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53d1\u73b0\u4f1a\u88ab\u520a\u767b\u5728\u5b66\u4f1a\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u3002\u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u6210\u7fbd\u7ffc\u4e30\u6ee1\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u9644\u5c5e\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u7740\u7b49\u5f85\u4eba\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff08\u6240\u4ee5\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u624d\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9ad8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u6f20\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u91ce\u5916\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u95f4\u627e\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5408\u7406\u7a7a\u95f4\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u518d\u6b21\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u5f62\u6210\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4e24\u5206\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\u4f9b\u5916\u884c\u6b23\u8d4f\uff0c\u6b7b\u52a8\u7269\u4f9b\u5185\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u968f\u7740\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u6108\u53d1\u660e\u663e\u3002\u5e03\u51af\u57281788\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u5a01\u7acb\u5373\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u6311\u6218\uff1a\u4ed6\u6240\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u6797\u5948\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u503c\u5f97\u7ee7\u7eed\u6df1\u7a76\u7684\u8bfe\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u538c\u6076\u548c\u6709\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u4e5f\u88ab\u6263\u4e0a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u7eca\u811a\u77f3\u7684\u5e3d\u5b50\u3002\u4f46\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u91cd\u5916\u90e8\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5c06\u89e3\u5256\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7559\u7ed9\u4e86\u7cbe\u901a\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u533b\u751f\u4eec\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u662f\u6797\u5948\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5b9e\u73b0\u7a81\u7834\u7684\u662f\u5728\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u9886\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u5e76\u4e8e1795\u5e74\u52a0\u76df\u6cd5\u56fd\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u4e54\u6cbb&#8226\uff1b\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u3002\u662f\u4ed6\u5c06\u5185\u90e8\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u4e25\u683c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5c06\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u52a8\u7269\u89e3\u5256\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u52301800\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u884c\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u8f6c\u53d8\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u8ba4\u540c\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u89e3\u5256\u4e5f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u9996\u8981\u5de5\u5177\u98ce\u884c\u5168\u6b27\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u89c2\u5bdf\u5f00\u59cb\u5931\u52bf\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u632b\u6298\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u7b49\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u51f8\u663e\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u79d1\u66f4\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u975e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5916\u5728\u533a\u522b\u3002\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u4e3a\u5f00\u5c55\u5b9e\u9a8c\u800c\u4e8e1840\u5e74\u589e\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0cP\u00b7J\u00b7M\u00b7\u3002\u5f17\u5362\u6717\uff08P\u3002\u2013J\u3002\u2013M\u3002Flourens\uff09\u548c\u514b\u6d1b\u5fb7&#8226\uff1b\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\uff08ClaudeBernard\uff09\u5148\u540e\u51fa\u4efb\u7b2c\u4e00\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u56ed\u957f\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u72d7\u548c\u732a\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u8870\u843d\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u52a8\u7269\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u6210\u957f\u53c8\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u7684\u4f26\u6566\u548c\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u59cb\u7ec8\u76f8\u4fe1\u52a8\u7269 \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u7684\u4f26\u6566\u548c\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u59cb\u7ec8\u76f8\u4fe1\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u5362\u74e6\u6cfd\u5c14\u8c34\u8d23\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u89c2\u5bdf\uff08\u5df2\u7ecf\u91cd\u65b0\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u6d41\uff09\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u91cd\u4efb\u4e22\u7ed9\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u30021904\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u8bae\u5c06\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u7387\u6027\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u7ebd\u7ea6\u957f\u5c9b\u7684\u4e00\u5904\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u81ea1892\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u6269\u5145\u548c\u4fee\u62a4\u5b83\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u5e76\u4ece\u4e8b\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u6765\u81ea\u9ad8\u6821\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u4fdd\u4f4f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u662f\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u8fd9\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u58f0\u671b\u7684\u5bc4\u6258\uff0c\u5f5319\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u548c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u53e6\u5bfb\u5b83\u9014\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u5bc4\u6258\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ecd\u4e0d\u4e4f\u6709\u4eba\u5927\u8086\u9f13\u5439\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u73b0\u5b9e\u60c5\u51b5\u5f80\u5f80\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u5f53\u7c73\u5c14\u5185\u2026\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u5179\u57281891\u5e74\u634d\u536b\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u80fd\u62ff\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b&#8226\uff1b\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u7684\u6210\u679c\u548c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5728\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u548c\u6807\u672c\u5265\u5236\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u6491\u8170\u30021961\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5bf9\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u52a8\u7269\u56ed19\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u6210\u679c\u7684\u56de\u987e\u8bc4\u8bba\u6d3b\u50cf\u82b1\u8fb9\u6742\u70e9\uff0c\u7a7f\u63d2\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u6bb5\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6307\u5357\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u884c\u8f66\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u6307\u5357\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e24\u9875\u957f\uff0c\u4e3b\u9898\u4e5f\u8ba9\u4eba\u4e0d\u6562\u606d\u7ef4\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u5bb6\u732b\u5c3e\u5df4\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff01\u4e0d\u96be\u7406\u89e3\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u53cd\u5bf9\u5f00\u529e\u4e00\u4e2a\u79c1\u6709\u79d1\u7814\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u5b81\u80af\u627f\u62c5\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u91cd\u4efb\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u540e\u8005\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u5e76\u65e0\u591a\u5927\u7528\u5904\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u9886\u57df\u4e5f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u6548\u7528\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e25\u8c28\u8ffd\u6c42\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u8be6\u89e3\u548c\u5229\u7528\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u91ce\u5fc3\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u548c\u6b63\u7edf\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5c55\u793a\u7a97\u53e3\u548c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u5b9e\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u53c2\u89c2\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u540e\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u82e5\u5f17\u96f7\uff08CitizenJauffret\uff09\u57281798\u5e74\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u67d0\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u5f81\u670d\uff0c\u6027\u60c5\u4e5f\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u201d\u5728\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4e00\u5e45\u58c1\u753b\u523b\u753b\u4e86\u5411\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u63d0\u4f9b\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4e0e\u5e1d\u56fd\u5efa\u8bbe\u8005\uff08\u58eb\u5175\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\uff09\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u8054\u5408\u8d85\u524d\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u3001\u8bad\u7ec3\u3001\u7e41\u6b96\u548c\u6742\u4ea4\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u5229\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u800c\u52a8\u7269\u5229\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee4\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u540d\u6b63\u8a00\u987a\uff0c\u76c6\u6ee1\u94b5\u6ea2\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u52a8\u5728\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u53ea\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u6027\u7684\u3002\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6559\u6388\u548c\u519b\u65b9\u6b96\u6c11\u652f\u6301\u8005\u7684\u8054\u76df\u5173\u7cfb\u76f4\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u624d\u521d\u89c1\u6210\u5f62\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u7b2c\u4e09\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7ba1\u7406\u5c42\u715e\u8d39\u82e6\u5fc3\u5730\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8e0f\u4e0a\u6b96\u6c11\u5f81\u9014\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u7740\u610f\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u3000\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u7136\uff083\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6d3b\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u4e39\u00b7\u5fb7\u5723\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u57281792\u5e74\u4fbf\u5df2\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u51c6\u786e\u89c2\u5bdf\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5b83\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u5065\u5eb7\u4e14\u5904\u4e8e\u5929\u7136\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eff\u5efa\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u751f\u5883\u30021795\u5e74\uff0c\u62c9\u585e\u4f69\u5fb7\u63d0\u8bae\u5174\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u98ce\u666f\u56ed\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bbe\u6709\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u680f\uff0c\u4f9b\u72d0\u72f8\u3001\u737e\u6216\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u201c\u6709\u6d1e\u5047\u5c71\u201d\uff0c\u4e3a\u6d77\u751f\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u6c60\u5858\uff0c\u4f9b\u7334\u7c7b\u5b09\u620f\u7684\u5de8\u6811\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f9b\u731b\u79bd\u6816\u5c45\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\u9ad8\u5730\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u517d\u680f\u4e2d\u90fd\u8981\u79cd\u690d\u6765\u81ea\u52a8\u7269\u539f\u751f\u5730\u7684\u690d\u88ab\uff0c\u800c\u52a8\u7269\u5c06\u4eab\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5927\u8c61\u3001\u6cb3\u9a6c\u548c\u7280\u725b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5cb8\u8fb9\u6d17\u6d74\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4fbf\u53ef\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de8\u517d\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u4e60\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u53c8\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u5b83\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u65f6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u5ff5\u5728\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08J\u00b7\u83ab\u5229\u8bfa\u65af\uff08J\u3002Molinos\uff0c1798\u5e74\uff09\u548cC\u00b7\u97e6\u5c14\u5c3c\u79d1\u7279\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f1a\u5ba1\u8bae\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8bf8\u6559\u6388\u6240\u8ba4\u53ef\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u72b6\u6001\u5c06\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f7f\uff07\u52a8\u7269\u7684\uff07\u5f62\u6001\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u4e60\u6027\u5f97\u4ee5\u5982\u5b9e\u5c55\u73b0\u2026\u2026\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u586b\u5145\u6807\u672c\u548c\u88ab\u56da\u7981\u5728\u72ed\u7a84\u517d\u680f\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u5927\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u540e\u8005\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u6210\u672c\u662f\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6539\u826f\u7684\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u680f\u90e8\u5206\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u5f97\u4eab\u5929\u7136\u751f\u5883\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u88ab\u5173\u5728\u517d\u7b3c\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u83ab\u5229\u8bfa\u65af\u4e3a\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u591a\u6d1e\u5047\u5c71\u592a\u8fc7\u6602\u8d35\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u6e7f\u6c14\u592a\u91cd\u3002\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u5706\u5385\u548c5\u4e2a\u5448\u8f90\u5c04\u72b6\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u517d\u7a74\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5706\u5f62\u5efa\u7b51\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\uff0c\u5230\u5934\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u4e86\u5927\u578b\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5927\u8c61\u3001\u9a86\u9a7c\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u731b\u517d\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u5e62\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u54e5\u7279\u5f0f\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u7ea620\u4e2a\u517d\u7b3c\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u7ebf\u6392\u5f00\u3002\u731b\u79bd\u820d\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff1b\u517b\u96c9\u573a\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u90e8\u5448\u5706\u5f62\u7684\u7b3c\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u5f0f\u7684\u7334\u820d\u534a\u73af\u7ed5\u5728\u7b3c\u5b50\u7684\u4e00\u4fa7\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u73b0\u5b58\u6863\u6848\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u7406\u60f3\u548c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9884\u7b97\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u6027\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e4b\u5916\uff08\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8ba1\u5212\u5f88\u5c11\u7b26\u5408\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff09\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9996\u5148\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u5706\u5385\u9879\u76ee\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u7ec4\u548c\u8d35\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8f90\u5c04\u5f0f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53d6\u4ee3\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u82b1\u56ed\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u5b83\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba3\u626c\u4e86\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u5ba3\u626c\u4e86\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u652f\u6301\u4f20\u7edf\u98ce\u683c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5efa\u7b51\u6837\u5f0f\u4e0e\u5229\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u517d\u7b3c\u7684\u76f4\u7ebf\u6392\u5217\u542b\u84c4\u5730\u91cd\u73b0\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u7684\u5e03\u5c40\uff0c\u4ee4\u7b3c\u4e2d\u52a8\u7269\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6563\u53d1\u7740\u5168\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u6574\u4f53\u611f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u827e\u8482\u5b89\uff08&Eacute\uff1btienne\uff09\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4f0a\u897f\u591a\u5c14\u00b7\u82e5\u5f17\u9c81\u74e6\u00b7\u5723\u4f0a\u83b1\u5c14\uff08IsidoreGeoffroySaint\u2026Hilaire\uff0c1841\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u62c5\u4efb\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\uff09\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e0e\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u8bbe\u8ba1\u534f\u8c03\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e03\u5c40\u5de7\u5999\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\u6536\u85cf\u5ba4\u3002\u517d\u7b3c\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9648\u5217\u7a97\u3001\u5c55\u793a\u67b6\u751a\u81f3\u821e\u53f0\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u7f8e\u672f\u5bb6\u4eec\u8fd1\u8ddd\u79bb\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ecf\u5e38\u9759\u6b62\u4e0d\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u7c73\u5c14\u5185\u2026\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u6ecb\u8fd9\u6837\u8bc4\u8bba1825\u5e74\u7684\u9e1f\u820d\uff1a\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5927\u578b\u731b\u79bd\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c55\u5f00\u53cc\u7ffc\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6e34\u671b\u7a7a\u6c14\u548c\u5149\u7ebf\u7684\u9e1f\u513f\u90fd\u88ab\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u5730\u629b\u5f03\u5728\u4e86\u6d3b\u50cf\u6a71\u67dc\u7684\u9634\u6697\u5c0f\u7b3c\u4e2d\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7fbd\u7ffc\u4ece\u672a\u4eab\u53d7\u96e8\u6c34\u6cfd\u6c90\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6700\u7f8e\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u6574\u6d01\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6d51\u8eab\u4e0a\u4e0b\u90fd\u662f\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u822c\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u79bd\u9e1f\u7b3c\u548c\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u680f\u7d27\u9760\u718a\u56ed\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5927\u578b\u5efa\u7b51\u2014\u2014\u5982\u897f\u9e1f\u820d\uff0852\u7c73\u957f\uff0c\u5185\u6709200\u79cd\u9e1f\uff09\u3001\u7334\u201c\u5bab\u201d\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u4e24\u6392\u517d\u7b3c\u6784\u6210\u7684\u72ee\u9986\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u90fd\u7075\u3001\u91cc\u6602\u3001\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u4e5f\u5927\u540c\u5c0f\u5f02\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5e03\u5c40\u4ec5\u4e0e\u6700\u521d\u7ea7\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u533a\u7cfb\u76f8\u9002\u5e94\u3002\u517d\u7b3c\u7684\u7b80\u964b\u548c\u72ed\u5c0f\uff08\u718a\u7b3c\u53ea\u670950\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5185\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a3\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u718a\u7a74\uff1b\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u7b3c\u7684\u5916\u7b3c\u4e3a20\u523035\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5185\u7b3c\u4e3a13\u523022\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff1b20\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u91cc\u6602\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u53ea\u670950\u523053\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\u660e\u663e\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u751f\u957f\u673a\u80fd\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4e0e\u5929\u7136\u73af\u5883\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u4e5f\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u5927\u578b\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\u4e2d\u4e5f\u80fd\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u30021853\u5e74\u5f00\u653e\u4e8e\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u7ade\u76f8\u6a21\u4eff\uff0c\u59821860\u5e74\u7684\u5e03\u4f26\u68ee\u6797\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u82b1\u56ed\u3002\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u77e9\u5f62\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u8d70\u5eca\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u517b\u7740\u5947\u5f02\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u6d77\u751f\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6c34\u7f38\u548c\u6c34\u6c60\u3002\u7f38\u5e95\u548c\u6c60\u5e95\u901a\u5e38\u88c5\u9970\u7740\u6c99\u5b50\u3001\u5ca9\u77f3\u548c\u690d\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bbe\u65bd\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u6539\u9020\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u9e1f\u820d\u4e2d\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u571f\u5c42\u6216\u8349\u76ae\u3001\u6811\u6728\u3001\u704c\u6728\u3001\u9e1f\u5de2\u548c\u9690\u853d\u5904\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u5c0f\u9e1f\u53ef\u4ee5\u98de\u884c\uff0c\u731b\u79bd\u4e5f\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u5c55\u5de8\u7ffc\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8be5\u7c7b\u9e1f\u820d\u4e8e1880\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5728\u9e7f\u7279\u4e39\u5efa\u6210\uff09\u3002\u88c5\u9970\u7740\u6811\u3001\u5706\u6728\u548c\u5ca9\u77f3\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u5916\u7b3c\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u7334\u5b50\u3001\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u751a\u81f3\u718a\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u5e7b\u89c9\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u52a8\u7269\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u7a0d\u4f5c\u8eab\u4f53\u953b\u70bc\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u5ba4\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u51ac\u5929\u3002\u7528\u5ca9\u77f3\u6a21\u62df\u517d\u7a74\u6216\u9f13\u52b1\u6500\u722c\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4e5f\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u5c0f\u556e\u9f7f\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u7f8e\u6d32\u9a7c\u3001\u5ca9\u7f9a\u7f8a\u548c\u6d77\u72ee\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u5f53\u6d25\u8d34\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8001\u65e7\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u8fdf\u7f13\u91cd\u5efa\u4f7f\u5b83\u5c3d\u663e\u8fc7\u65f6\u8ff9\u8c61\uff0c\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u6210\u4e86\u9886\u822a\u5178\u8303\u3002\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709\u6237\u5916\u72ee\u56ed\uff081870\uff09\u548c\u7334\u56ed\uff081883\uff09\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u4e5f\u5927\u5174\u571f\u6728\uff0c\u9646\u7eed\u589e\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u6837\u914d\u6709\u5916\u7b3c\u7684\u65b0\u201c\u72ee\u5bab\uff081876\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df7\u5408\u591a\u79cd\u7fa4\u5c45\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7334\u820d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u88c5\u9970\u7740\u5ca9\u77f3\u548c\u6811\u5e72\u7684\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u9986\uff081904\uff09\uff0c\u6c60\u5858\u3001\u5c0f\u5c9b\u548c\u5ca9\u77f3\u4ff1\u5168\u7684\u6c34\u736d\u3001\u6d77\u72ee\u548c\u6d77\u8c79\u56ed\uff081905~1906\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u591a\u4e2a\u690d\u6709\u5c11\u8bb8\u7eff\u8272\u690d\u7269\u7684\u9e1f\u820d\uff081903~1907\uff09\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u63a8\u5d07\u6237\u5916\u9972\u517b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6280\u672f\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6216\u8bb8\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6539\u9020\u5de5\u7a0b\u6709\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f46\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\uff09\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u706d\u800c\u590d\u71c3\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u65b0\u98ce\u683c\u5982\u5f71\u76f8\u4f34\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5fc5\u987b\u5c55\u73b0\u66f4\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u73af\u5883\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u7269\u673a\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\uff0c\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u5728\u8c61\u5f81\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u73b0\u5929\u7136\u73af\u5883\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u6311\u6218\u5df2\u7ecf\u6e17\u900f\u8fdb\u52a8\u7269\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5c55\u793a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u767e\u79d1\u5927\u5168\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e3a\u4e86\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7aed\u5c3d\u6240\u80fd\u5730\u641c\u5bfb\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0e\u672c\u5730\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5efa\u7acb\u4e92\u8865\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c06\u8f83\u96be\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u6606\u866b\u3001\u8f6f\u4f53\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u5927\u578b\u6d77\u751f\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\uff09\u7559\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u67d0\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e5f\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6606\u866b\u9986\uff08\u79d1\u9686\u3001\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\uff09\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u6ce8\u91cd\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7a00\u6709\u6027\u548c\u5947\u5f02\u6027\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u53ea\u6216\u4e00\u5bf9\u540c\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u5207\u673a\u4f1a\uff08\u7e41\u6b96\u3001\u8d2d\u4e70\u3001\u8d60\u793c\u3001\u4ea4\u6613\uff09\u83b7\u53d6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u5904\u7406\u591a\u4f59\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5b97\u65e8\u4fbf\u662f\u5c55\u73b0\u52a8\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u5f69\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u4e00\u53ea\u5f15\u4eba\u60ca\u7fa1\u7684\u65b0\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4fe1\u53f7\uff1a\u5b66\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u586b\u8865\u4e86\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7a7a\u767d\u3002\u6ee1\u6000\u5d07\u9ad8\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e5f\u4f1a\u91c7\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5c55\u793a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5373\u662f\u4e00\u4f8b\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u524d\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c55\u793a\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u540c\u5c5e\u5404\u7269\u79cd\u6216\u540c\u79cd\u5404\u53d8\u79cd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5730\u7406\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u79cd\u767e\u79d1\u5927\u5168\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5f53\u7136\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4e0d\u65e0\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u5c55\u793a\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u843d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8be6\u89e3\u81ea\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u5730\u5ba3\u626c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u690d\u7269\u7fa4\u4e5f\u5e94\u7528\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\u3002\u91cc\u6602\u7684\u6811\u6728\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u7531\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6811\u79cd\u7684\u4e00\u4e24\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u6c47\u96c6\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u4ea4\u6742\u70b9\u7f00\u5728\u901a\u5411\u517d\u680f\u7684\u9053\u8def\u4e24\u4fa7\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8bc1\u660e\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u6218\u80dc\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u51f6\u6b8b\uff0c\u8fd8\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u5408\u7406\u79e9\u5e8f\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u90a3\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u65e0\u5e8f\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u3000\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u5927\u81ea\u7136\uff081\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u5f88\u5feb\u4fbf\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u5b97\u65e8\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5373\u662f\u4e00\u4f8b\uff1a\u5b83\u57281845\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u5ba2\u6d41\u91cf\u7684\u840e\u7f29\uff08\u52a8\u7269\u51cf\u5c11\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff09\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u57281847\u5e74\u6307\u6d3e\u4e00\u540d\u5b98\u5458\u63a8\u884c\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u5174\u8da3\u968f\u4e4b\u590d\u71c3\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u5c421859\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u8d2f\u60f0\u6027\u5bfc\u81f4\u6e38\u5ba2\u6570\u91cf\u518d\u6b21\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u9769\u65b0\u3002\u5f53\u5df4\u9ece\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u82b1\u56ed\u57281860\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u76ee\u6807\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u60f3\u540c\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u521b\u5efa\u8005\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5a31\u4e50\u6027\u5408\u4e8c\u4e3a\u4e00\uff0c\u7528\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u8865\u5145\u548c\u7ffb\u65b0\u523a\u6fc0\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u5373\u4f7f\u8def\u4eba\u5bf9\u8f83\u4e3a\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5982\u753b\u7f8e\u666f\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5438\u5f15\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u201d\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5411\u6301\u80a1\u65b9\u652f\u4ed8\u95e8\u7968\u5206\u6210\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u53d6\u60a6\u4f1a\u5458\u7684\u4f1a\u5458\u5236\u82b1\u56ed\u548c\u5fc5\u987b\u8bc1\u660e\u516c\u5171\u652f\u51fa\u5408\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5e02\u653f\u516c\u56ed\u540c\u6837\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u4fe1\u8a93\u65e6\u65e6\u5730\u9ad8\u558a\u79d1\u5b66\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u82b1\u56ed\u90fd\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u89c6\u4f11\u95f2\u5a31\u4e50\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u5728\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u521b\u5efa\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u65f6\u4fbf\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b21\u8981\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5a31\u4e50\u81f3\u4e0a\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u5bf9\u4f11\u95f2\u6563\u6b65\u8005\u9887\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u80dc\u8fc7\u4e86\u690d\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u548c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u6e38\u5ba2\u5927\u6f6e\u6df9\u6ca1\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u95e8\u7968\u964d\u4ef7\u65e5\uff0812000\u4eba\uff0c1888\u5e74\u7684\u79d1\u9686\uff09\u6216\u516c\u5171\u5047\u65e5\uff0837000\u4eba\uff0c1876\u5e74\u5723\u7075\u964d\u4e34\u5468\uff0c\u6c49\u5821\uff1b35000~45000\u4eba\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ef4\u5c24\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u8981\u8c28\u614e\u770b\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5362\u74e6\u6cfd\u5c14\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728\u590f\u65e5\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u5929\u90fd\u80fd\u5438\u5f158000\u540d\u6e38\u5ba2\uff0c\u8fd9\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5728\u8fde\u7eed12\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u5185\u6bcf\u5206\u949f\u5165\u56ed111\u4eba\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6210\u529f\u662f\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u5931\u8d25\u8005\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4f3c\u4e4e\u51fa\u5728\u8d85\u51fa\u9884\u671f\u7684\u8fd0\u8425\u6210\u672c\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u6e38\u5ba2\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u652f\u6301\u5efa\u56ed\u7684\u5bcc\u88d5\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u2014\u2014\u524d\u8005\u7684\u5149\u4e34\u4e3a\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\uff08\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5973\u738b\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u4eb2\u738b\u662f\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5e38\u5ba2\uff09\u3001\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u3001\u90fd\u7075\u548c\u5e03\u4f26\u68ee\u6797\u7b49\u5730\u589e\u8272\u4e0d\u5c11\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u6e38\u89c8\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u70ed\u60c5\u9ad8 \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u738b\u662f\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5e38\u5ba2\uff09\u3001\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u3001\u90fd\u7075\u548c\u5e03\u4f26\u68ee\u6797\u7b49\u5730\u589e\u8272\u4e0d\u5c11\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u6e38\u89c8\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u70ed\u60c5\u9ad8\u4f4e\u8981\u770b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4f55\u65f6\u514d\u8d39\uff0c\u4f55\u65f6\u4ec5\u5411\u4f1a\u5458\u5f00\u65b9\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u5019\u91c7\u7528\u63a8\u5e7f\u4ef7\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5de5\u65f6\u5236\u5ea6\u9010\u6e10\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u661f\u671f\u65e5\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u4f11\u606f\u65e5\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u516c\u5171\u5047\u671f\u4e5f\u76f8\u7ee7\u786e\u7acb\uff081870\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u83b7\u76ca\u532a\u6d45\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u6a21\u4eff\u4e0a\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u4f11\u5047\u65e5\u53bb\u516c\u56ed\u6563\u6b65\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u6e38\u56ed\u65f6\u6bb5\u5dee\u522b\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u5728\u7531\u4f1a\u5458\u5236\u5b66\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u5bcc\u4eba\u4eec\u5e38\u5728\u661f\u671f\u65e5\u51fa\u5165\uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u91cc\u6602\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u516c\u5171\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u6301\u80a1\u5236\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e5\u6765\u8bbf\uff0c\u5c06\u661f\u671f\u65e5\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u5171\u5047\u65e5\u7559\u7ed9\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e0b\u5c42\u540c\u80de\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8ba9\u6e38\u5ba2\u6ee1\u610f\u662f\u91cd\u4e2d\u4e4b\u91cd\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u6240\u4fee\u5efa\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u7684\u662f\u5916\u89c2\u800c\u975e\u79d1\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u91cc\u6df1\u53d7\u666e\u901a\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u559c\u7231\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bf4\u53ea\u61c2\u5229\u7528\u6b7b\u540e\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u6210\u4e86\u8bbe\u65bd\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8bc4\u5224\u51c6\u7ef3\u3002\u72ed\u5c0f\u7684\u517d\u680f\u548c\u517d\u7b3c\u6216\u8bb8\u5a01\u80c1\u7740\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u751f\u7406\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u662f\u7d27\u5f20\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u9ad8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u7f6a\u9b41\u7978\u9996\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u786e\u4fdd\u89c2\u4f17\u4eec\u8fc5\u901f\u800c\u53c8\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u770b\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u767e\u79d1\u5927\u5168\u5f0f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f97\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u53d8\u5f97\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u6237\u5916\u517d\u680f\u548c\u517d\u7b3c\uff08\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u9e1f\u820d\u548c\u7334\u820d\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u72ee\u9986\uff09\u7684\u5706\u5f62\u6216\u516d\u8fb9\u5f62\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\u4e00\u79cd\u8eab\u9677\u91cd\u56f4\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba9\u5b83\u4eec\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u96ea\u96e8\u98ce\u971c\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u80fd\u8ba9\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u89d2\u5ea6\u6b23\u8d4f\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u4eec\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u5c55\u793a\u4e0a\u715e\u8d39\u82e6\u5fc3\u3002\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u7684\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ef4\u5c24\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e3a\u4fbf\u4e8e\u89c2\u8d4f\u800c\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5706\u5f62\u5267\u573a\u7684\u6d77\u72ee\u9986\u2014\u2014\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6d77\u6d0b\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u7248\u672c\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f03\u7528\u4e86\u5efa\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6728\u6805\u680f\uff08\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u7f8e\u6cc9\u5bab\uff09\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u91c7\u7528\u66f4\u4e3a\u901a\u900f\u7684\u94c1\u523a\u56f4\u680f\u3002\u57281856\u5e74\u7684\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\uff0c\u4e00\u672c\u6e38\u56ed\u6307\u5357\u9f13\u5439\u8bf4\u6c34\u736d\u56ed\u56db\u5468\u7684\u201c\u94c1\u7f51\u8584\u5f97\u51e0\u4e4e\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u591a\u4e48\u7f8e\u5999\u7684\u65b0\u9c9c\u4e8b\u3002\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u9996\u90fd\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u573a\u6240\u7684\u6805\u7a97\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u73bb\u7483\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u73bb\u7483\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6e38\u5ba2\u5728\u66f4\u8fd1\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u6b23\u8d4f\u722c\u866b\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\uff0c1874\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u52a8\u7269\u6cbe\u67d3\u75be\u75c5\uff08\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u5927\u7329\u7329\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff09\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u6e38\u5ba2\u88ab\u96be\u95fb\u7684\u5f02\u5473\u70e6\u6270\uff08\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u67cf\u6797\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e00\u4e3e\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u53d7\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d8b\u52bf\u4e0b\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u50cf\u6d3b\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u5c55\u5385\u4e5f\u900f\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u80a1\u7f8e\u672f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5473\u9053\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6700\u88ab\u73cd\u89c6\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e5f\u4ee5\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u5229\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u4e3a\u5b97\u65e8\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u91cc\u6602\uff0c\u718a\u7b3c\uff081865\uff0c1882\uff09\u4f4d\u4e8e\u51e0\u6761\u5927\u9053\u7684\u4ea4\u6c47\u70b9\uff0c\u5468\u8fb9\u7684\u5927\u7247\u8349\u576a\u4e0a\u6324\u6ee1\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u7684\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u5168\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7a81\u51fa\u718a\u7684\u5e9e\u5927\u4f53\u9b44\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u5212\u4f7f\u79d1\u5b66\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u5c3d\u663e\u865a\u4f2a\uff0c\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u76ca\u5904\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u6807\u51c6\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6539\u5584\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u77f3\u5934\u6216\u6c34\u6ce5\u5730\u677f\uff08\u5411\u6c34\u6e20\u548c\u4e0b\u6c34\u9053\u987a\u659c\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5feb\u901f\u6e05\u6d01\u517d\u7b3c\u548c\u6253\u626b\u6392\u6cc4\u7269\uff09\u610f\u5728\u65b9\u4fbf\u9972\u517b\u5458\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u536b\u751f\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u672c\u80fd\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u6316\u6398\uff0c\u63a9\u57cb\uff0c\u5728\u5c18\u571f\u4e2d\u6253\u6eda\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80a2\u7ffc\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u731b\u70c8\u51b2\u51fb\u548c\u987f\u8db3\u52a8\u4f5c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u52a8\u7269\u9aa8\u9abc\u53d8\u5f62\u3002\u9a6c\u8d5b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u56ed\u957f\u57281861\u5e74\u516c\u5f00\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u53d7\u76ca\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u662f\u6e38\u5ba2\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5f02\u57df\u98ce\u60c5\u70ed\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6d8c\u5411\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u53bb\u770b\u666e\u901a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u91ce\u751f\u8fd8\u662f\u975e\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u7a98\u5883\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u5bb6\u5f00\u653e\u4e8e1874\u5e74\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u672c\u60f3\u5c55\u793a\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\u7684\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e3a\u53d6\u60a6\u5fc3\u6709\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u800c\u88ab\u8feb\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u4e5f\u5bf9\u9a6f\u5316\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u4e0d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u8870\u843d\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u63d0\u9ad8\u95e8\u7968\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u5e03\u4f26\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u82b1\u56ed\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u5927\u8c61\u3002\u516c\u4f17\u5e0c\u671b\u770b\u5230\u73cd\u7a00\u3001\u91ce\u751f\u3001\u51f6\u731b\u800c\u4e14\u8fe5\u5f02\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u522b\u6837\u666f\u8c61\uff0c\u7ed9\u4eba\u4f53\u5473\u5f02\u57df\u98ce\u60c5\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u5f53\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u9996\u5ea6\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u60c5\u7ed3\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u6258\u65af\u574e\uff08CitizenToscan\uff09\u57281800\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u6e38\u89c8\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u6b21\u5e7b\u60f3\u4e4b\u65c5\u3002\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4ecd\u7136\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u65c5\u884c\u66ff\u4ee3\u7269\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u4f34\u968f\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5192\u9669\u6f6e\u7684\u5230\u6765\u800c\u76db\u884c\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5f02\u56fd\u548c\u91ce\u751f\u98ce\u60c5\u70ed\u3002\u5bf9\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u949f\u7231\u4e5f\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5173\u9886\u57df\u663e\u9732\u65e0\u9057\uff0c\u96d5\u523b\u827a\u672f\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u65e0\u6570\u96c4\u72ee\u96d5\u50cf\u904d\u5e03\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u516c\u5171\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7279\u62c9\u6cd5\u5c14\u52a0\u5e7f\u573a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u72ee\u5b50\u662f\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6f6e\u6d41\u30021845\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u4e3a\u63cf\u8ff0\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u800c\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u201c\u5f02\u56fd\u60c5\u8c03\uff08exotisme\uff09\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u9887\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57c3\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u62c9\u5a01\u5c14\uff08EmileRevel\uff09\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u5bf9\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4ece\u672a\u50cf\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u5927\uff0c\u201d\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ee4\u4f5c\u5bb6\u4eec\u9b42\u7275\u68a6\u7ed5\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u5f02\u57df\u5f80\u5f80\u4ee5\u5947\u5f02\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4e3a\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u201c\u6211\u548c\u6211\u4eb2\u5bc6\u65e0\u95f4\u7684\u730e\u864e\u5171\u540c\u5ea6\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u65e5\u65e5\u591c\u591c\uff0c\u201d\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u798f\u697c\u62dc\uff08GustaveFlaubert\uff09\u57281846\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u4e5f\u542c\u5230\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u8e29\u788e\u7af9\u5b50\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u6bcf\u5f53\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u6709\u731b\u517d\u51fa\u6ca1\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u4fbf\u4f1a\u53d1\u51fa\u6050\u60e7\u7684\u5636\u9e23\u3002\u201d\u590f\u591a\u5e03\u91cc\u6602\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u6d32\u4e4b\u65c5\u300b\uff08VoyageenAm\u00e9rique\uff09\u548c\u300aAtala\u300b\u5bf9\u5317\u7f8e\u91ce\u725b\u3001\u86c7\u548c\u6076\u9f99\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u9cc4\u9c7c\u6709\u7cbe\u5f69\u7edd\u4f26\u7684\u732b\u5199\u3002\u7ef4\u514b\u6258\u00b7\u96e8\u679c\u5728\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u8bd7\u96c6\u300b\uff08LesOrientales\uff09\u4e2d\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u5343\u59ff\u767e\u6001\u7684\u4e1b\u6797\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\uff0c\u864e\u3001\u72ee\u3001\u738b\u86c7\u3001\u6cb3\u9a6c\u548c\u9b23\u72d7\u5c3d\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8da3\u5473\u5e76\u975e\u90fd\u662f\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff1a\u798f\u697c\u62dc\u7684\u300a\u8428\u6717\u6ce2\u300b\uff08Salammb&ocirc\uff1b\uff09\u548c\u9ad8\u8e48\u6d3e\u8bd7\u4eba\u52d2\u5b54\u7279\u00b7\u5fb7\u5229\u52d2\uff08LecontedeLisle\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e5f\u6fc0\u8d77\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u72e9\u730e\u672d\u8bb0\u5927\u83b7\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5982\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6731\u5c14\u00b7\u70ed\u62c9\u5c14\uff08JulesG\u00e9rard\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u730e\u72ee\u300b\uff08LaChasseauxLions\uff0c1855\uff09\u548c\u300a\u72ee\u5b50\u6740\u624b\u300b\uff08LeTueurdelions\uff0c1858\uff09\u2014\u2014\u963f\u65b9\u65af\u00b7\u90fd\u5fb7\u8fd8\u5728\u540e\u8005\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u4e0b\u5199\u51fa\u4e86\u300a\u5854\u62c9\u65af\u5b54\u7684\u5854\u5c14\u5854\u5170\u300b\uff08TartarindeTarascon\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u3000\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u5927\u81ea\u7136\uff082\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u56de\u5f52\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u672c\u80fd\u548c\u7f8e\u4e3d\u4e0e\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u5907\u53d7\u714e\u71ac\u7684\u6d6a\u6f2b\u6d3e\u4eba\u6770\u4eec\u7684\u5929\u7136\u52a9\u624b\u3002\u96e8\u679c\u5728\u4e0e\u5b59\u8f88\u5b50\u5973\u4eec\u6e38\u89c8\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u540e\u5199\u51fa\u4e86\u8bd7\u96c6\u300a\u7956\u7236\u4e50\u300b\uff08L\u2019Artd\u2019\u00eatregrand\u2026p\u00e8re\uff0c1877\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u4e4b\u8bd7\uff08Po\u00e8meduJardindesPlantes\uff09\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5ea7\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u201c\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7f29\u5f71\u201d\uff0c\u8eab\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u65e0\u987b\u79bb\u5f00\u5df4\u9ece\u4fbf\u53ef\u5230\u8bbf\u4e9a\u8ff0\u6216\u5ef6\u5df4\u514b\u56fe\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u5c06\u4e0a\u5e1d\u60f3\u50cf\u6210\u7f8e\u666f\u5999\u7269\u548c\u90aa\u7075\u602a\u517d\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\u3002\u602a\u7269\u6df1\u6df1\u5438\u5f15\u7740\u96e8\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u91ce\u517d\u795e\u79d8\u672c\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u8fce\u5408\u4e86\u201c\u5bf9\u5947\u8ff9\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u9700\u6c42\u201d\u3002\u96e8\u679c\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u91ce\u517d\u548c\u89c2\u8d4f\u91ce\u517d\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\uff0c\u601d\u7d22\u4e86\u8fd9\u6b21\u5929\u771f\u4e0e\u51f6\u6b8b\u7684\u4f1a\u9762\uff0c\u5e76\u636e\u6b64\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7eaf\u6d01\u7075\u9b42\u548c\u53d7\u7f5a\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u6cd5\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8da3\u5473\u4e5f\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u89c6\u89c9\u827a\u672f\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5728\u5b89\u6258\u4e07\u2026\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u5df4\u91cc\uff08Antoine\u2026LouisBarye\uff09\u7684\u96d5\u523b\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u96d5\u523b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6df1\u53d7\u7ed8\u753b\u827a\u672f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u2014\u2014\u5982\u5b89\u6258\u4e07\u2026\u8ba9\u00b7\u683c\u7f57\uff08Antoine\u2026JeanGros\uff09\u6216\u6cf0\u5965\u591a\u5c14\u00b7\u70ed\u91cc\u79d1\uff08Th\u00e9odoreG\u00e9ricault\uff09\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u6d3e\u7eb5\u9a6c\u56fe\u548c\u5f7c\u5f97&#8226\uff1b\u4fdd\u7f57&#8226\uff1b\u9c81\u5bbe\u65af\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u58ee\u89c2\u640f\u6597\u573a\u9762\u3002\u4ece1831\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u541e\u5403\u9cc4\u9c7c\u7684\u731b\u864e\u300b\uff08TigerDevouringaCrocodile\uff09\u548c1833\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u72ee\u5b50\u4e0e\u86c7\u300b\uff08LionandSnake\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5df4\u91cc\u6240\u523b\u753b\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u91ce\u517d\u4e89\u6597\u666f\u8c61\u5f00\u59cb\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u91ce\u86ee\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u5c06\u89e3\u5256\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u59ff\u6001\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u51c6\u6027\u4e0e\u4e00\u79cd\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u60b2\u58ee\u66b4\u529b\u8272\u5f69\u6df7\u5408\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\uff1a\u5982\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u9965\u997f\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u62d2\u7684\u672c\u80fd\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\u81ea\u76f8\u6b8b\u6740\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u8725\u8734\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u8737\u4f0f\u5728\u5944\u5944\u4e00\u606f\u7684\u730e\u7269\u5468\u56f4\u3002\u5df4\u91cc\u66fe\u5728\u6e38\u4e50\u573a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd1\u8ddd\u79bb\u89c2\u5bdf\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9057\u9ab8\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6bdb\u76ae\u3001\u5e26\u76ae\u5c38\u4f53\u548c\u9aa8\u9abc\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u6b21\u4e34\u6479\u7ec3\u4e60\u3002\u9526\u4e0a\u6dfb\u82b1\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281857\u5e74\u51fa\u4efb\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7ed8\u753b\u8bb2\u5e08\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e0e\u975e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u573a\u666f\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u753b\u5c06\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u5883\u4e2d\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u76f8\u9047\u6216\u76f8\u6597\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4f20\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7b\u60f3\u5316\u81ea\u7136\u89c2\u3002\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u539f\u59cb\u672c\u80fd\u548c\u72c2\u66b4\u6012\u706b\u7684\u6c38\u4e0d\u505c\u606f\u7684\u5ba3\u6cc4\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8054\u63a5\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u5ff5\u63a5\u8fd1\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u751f\u547d\u548c\u7075\u9b42\u89c2\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed3\u5408\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u67e5\u5c14\u65af&#8226\uff1b\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7269\u7ade\u5929\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5b83\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000C\u00b7\u5f17\u62c9\u6c40\uff08C\u3002Fratin\uff09\u3001P\u00b7J\u00b7\u6885\u7eb3\uff08P\u3002J\u3002M\u00e8ne\uff09\u548cA\u00b7N\u00b7\u5361\u5b89\uff08A\u3002N\u3002Cain\uff09\u7b49\u52a8\u7269\u96d5\u523b\u5bb6\u5f88\u5feb\u4fbf\u8ffd\u968f\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5927\u5e08\u7684\u8db3\u8ff9\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u6d3e\uff0c\u5f18\u626c\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u516c\u4f17\u719f\u6089\u52a8\u7269\u7279\u5f81\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8d21\u732e\u2014\u2014\u9075\u5faa\u62ff\u7834\u4ed11813\u5e74\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5728\u5df4\u58eb\u5e95\u72f1\u6811\u7acb\u5927\u8c61\u96d5\u50cf\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4f5c\u54c1\u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u573a\u6240\u3002\u5df4\u91cc\u7684\u300a\u72ee\u5b50\u4e0e\u86c7\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5361\u5b89\u7684\u300a\u5f81\u670d\u9cc4\u9c7c\u7684\u731b\u864e\u300b\uff08TigerCrushingaCrocodile\uff09\u548c\u300a\u7280\u725b\u300b\uff08Rhinoceros\uff09\u90fd\u5728\u675c\u4e50\u4e3d\u82b1\u56ed\uff08Tuileries\uff09\u4e2d\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u96d5\u523b\u5bb6\uff0c\u753b\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5728\u6316\u6398\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7d20\u6750\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6b27\u4ec1\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u514b\u9c81\u74e6\uff08Eug\u00e8neDelacroix\uff0c\u5df4\u91cc\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4f34\u4eec\u3002\u4ece1831\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5fb7\u62c9\u514b\u9c81\u74e6\u9646\u7eed\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u6570\u5e45\u640f\u6597\u56fe\uff08\u5982\u300a\u72ee\u5b50\u548c\u9cc4\u9c7c\u300b\uff09\u548c\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u753b\u50cf\u3002\u5bf9\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u58ee\u70c8\u640f\u6597\u7684\u559c\u597d\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1a\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u753b\u5bb6\u65af\u5854\u5e03\u65af\u6325\u6beb\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u5339\u9a6c\u548c\u4e00\u5934\u72ee\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u640f\u6597\uff1b\u57281833\u5e74\u7684\u79d1\u9686\uff0cE\u00b7\u8fc8\u65af\u7279\uff08E\u3002Meister\uff09\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u96c4\u72ee\u6df7\u6218\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5f02\u57df\u98ce\u60c5\u70ed\u5e76\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u5bf9\u51f6\u731b\u548c\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u949f\u7231\uff0c\u4e5f\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5316\u5efa\u7b51\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u6c11\u65cf\u5316\u5efa\u7b51\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u98ce\u666f\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u542f\u8fea\u4e0b\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6728\u3001\u7816\u548c\u8305\u8349\u6784\u9020\uff1b\u5728\u666e\u53ca\u5230\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u5ba3\u544a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u620f\u5267\u6027\u548c\u522b\u81f4\u6027\u98ce\u5c1a\u7684\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u8ba9\u5916\u6765\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u878d\u5165\u6b27\u6d32\u672c\u571f\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u4ee4\u5b83\u4eec\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u5f02\u57df\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u8303\u4f8b\u4e4b\u4e00\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6ce2\u8328\u5766\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5b54\u96c0\u5c9b\u2014\u2014\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u590f\u5b63\u4fee\u517b\u5904\u3002\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7ad6\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f15\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u888b\u9f20\uff08\u4e9a\u6d32\uff01\uff09\u548c\u5317\u7f8e\u91ce\u725b\uff08\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\uff09\u539f\u4ea7\u5730\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u683c\u4f20\u904d\u4e86\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u3001\u8377\u5170\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e2\u5c11\u4e0d\u4e86\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u5e45\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u7f8e\u672f\u5bb6\u4eec\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u80a1\u4efd\u5236\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7528\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u80dc\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u73af\u5883\u6765\u5438\u5f15\u516c\u4f17\u60e0\u987e\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea7\u5bb9\u517b\u5927\u8c61\u3001\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u548c\u9a86\u9a7c\u7684\u57c3\u53ca\u795e\u5e99\u4e8e1856\u5e74\u5728\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u63ed\u5f00\u4e86\u795e\u79d8\u9762\u7eb1\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u6027\u58c1\u753b\u548c\u6d45\u6d6e\u96d5\u5747\u5f15\u81ea\u57c3\u53ca\u827a\u672f\u3002\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u6a21\u4eff\u4e86\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\uff0c\u6839\u7279\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u9a86\u9a7c\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u5f62\u5982\u6e38\u7267\u5e10\u7bf7\u7684\u5c45\u6240\uff0c\u9e7f\u7279\u4e39\u5219\u518d\u73b0\u4e86\u6839\u7279\u7684\u521b\u610f\u3002\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u8482\u5c14\u52a0\u85e4\u516c\u56ed\u582a\u79f0\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u7687\u51a0\u660e\u73e0\uff0c\u5b83\u9646\u7eed\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5bcc\u6709\u6c11\u65cf\u7279\u8272\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5c0f\u5929\u5730\uff1a\u7280\u725b\u548c\u5927\u8c61\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5b9d\u5854\uff081873\uff09\uff0c\u9a86\u9a7c\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5bb6\u56ed\uff081897\uff09\uff0c\u6d89\u6c34\u9e1f\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u5de2\u7a74\uff081897\uff09\uff0c\u9e35\u9e1f\u7684\u57c3\u53ca\u795e\u5e99\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u91ce\u725b\u7684\u5317\u7f8e\u5f0f\u6728\u5c4b\u3002\u57c3\u53ca\u795e\u5e99\u3001\u6469\u5c14\u5f0f\u5efa\u7b51\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u5b9d\u5854\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u5e94\u56fd\u5bb6\u751a\u81f3\u6574\u7247\u5927\u9646\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5bb9\u517b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5e76\u975e\u603b\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff1a\u675c\u585e\u5c14\u591a\u592b\u7684\u57c3\u53ca\u795e\u5e99\u517b\u7684\u662f\u5927\u8c61\uff0c\u6c49\u5821\u517b\u7684\u662f\u706b\u70c8\u9e1f\uff1b\u5e03\u96f7\u65af\u52b3\u7684\u6469\u5c14\u5f0f\u5efa\u7b51\u517b\u7684\u662f\u7334\u5b50\uff0c\u79d1\u9686\u662f\u5927\u8c61\uff0c\u6c49\u8bfa\u5a01\u662f\u53cd\u520d\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5f02\u57df\u4e4b\u68a6\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u5c0a\u91cd\u5730\u7406\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e4b\u5acc\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u683c\u4e5f\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u57ce\u5e02\uff08\u9a6c\u8d5b\u3001\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u548c\u90fd\u7075\uff09\u91c7\u7eb3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5ef6\u7eed\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\uff1a\u7f57\u9a6c\u548c\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u5206\u522b\u57281925\u548c1935\u5e74\u5efa\u8d77\u4e86\u975e\u6d32\u5c0f\u5c4b\u3002\u516c\u4f17\u88ab\u8fd9\u4e9b\u518d\u73b0\u8da3\u666f\u6df1\u6df1\u8bf1\u60d1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u5199\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u786e\u5b9e\u5c06\u82b1\u56ed\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7247\u7247\u5f02\u56fd\u98ce\u5473\u7684\u571f\u5730\u2014\u2014\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u3001\u62a5\u7ae0\u6742\u5fd7\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u6307\u5357\u4ee5\u53ca\u9996\u6b21\u4e58\u5750\u706b\u8f66\u6216\u6c7d\u8239\u5230\u8fbe\u745e\u58eb\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u8fd1\u4e1c\u7684\u6709\u8da3\u7ecf\u5386\u90fd\u6ecb\u957f\u4e86\u5927\u4f17\u5bf9\u5f02\u57df\u98ce\u60c5\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6f2b\u6b65\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6559\u80b2\u6e38\u5ba2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6700\u521d\u7531\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u82b1\u56ed\u6b23\u7136\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u5f53\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7528\u9014\u9010\u6e10\u9000\u8272\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u8d8b\u5411\u5e73\u6c11\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7279\u522b\u662f\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u8fd9\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e5f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u4e66\u7c4d\u3001\u6742\u5fd7\u3001\u8bcd\u5178\u548c\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u7684\u95ee\u4e16\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e3a\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u9700\u6c42\u800c\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u901a\u4fd7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u7684\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u300b\uff08LeR\u00e8gneanimal\uff0c1817\uff09\uff0c\u4f0a\u83b1\u5c14\u548c\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5c45\u7ef4\u53f6\u7684\u300a\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u53f2\u300b\uff081820~1842\uff09\uff0c\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927&#8226\uff1b\u51af&#8226\uff1b\u6d2a\u5821\uff08AlexandervonHumboldt\uff09\u7684\u300aTableauxdelanature\u300b\uff081847~1851\uff09\uff0c\u827e\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7&#8226\uff1b\u5e03\u96f7\u59c6\u7684\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\uff08Tierleben\uff0c1864~1869\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f17\u6717\u65af\u897f&#8226\uff1b\u5df4\u514b\u5170\uff08FrancisB \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u827e\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7&#8226\uff1b\u5e03\u96f7\u59c6\u7684\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\uff08Tierleben\uff0c1864~1869\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f17\u6717\u65af\u897f&#8226\uff1b\u5df4\u514b\u5170\uff08FrancisBuckland\uff09\u7684\u300a\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u62fe\u8da3\u300b\uff08CuriositiesofNaturalHistory\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5927\u591a\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u90fd\u7ad6\u8d77\u4e86\u79d1\u666e\u5927\u65d7\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\u7acb\u5fd7\u8981\u201c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u60ec\u610f\u800c\u53c8\u8bf1\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u52a0\u6df1\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u6216\u5bf9\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u5e7f\u544a\u5546\u6240\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u6307\u5357\u548c\u65c5\u884c\u8bb0\u8ff0\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5927\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002H\u00b7\u4f69\u9f99\u00b7\u5fb7\u963f\u5c14\u514b\uff08H\u3002Perrond\u2019Arc\uff09\u57281860\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6765\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u4e4b\u751a\u5c11\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u79bb\u5f00\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5728\u56ed\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bf4\u660e\u6027\u724c\u533e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u724c\u533e\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u5f88\u5c11\u4ecb\u7ecd\u52a8\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u624b\u518c\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7f57\u5217\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u5730\u7406\u6e0a\u6e90\u3001\u89e3\u5256\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u996e\u98df\u3001\u4e60\u6027\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u5f15\u81ea18\u548c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u540d\u5bb6\u540d\u8457\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u7b3c\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u7528\u4f69\u9f99\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6837\u672c\u201d\uff09\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u662f\u793a\u8303\u6027\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u7269\uff0c\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0e\u4e66\u7c4d\u6742\u5fd7\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5f69\u7167\u5e76\u65e0\u4e24\u6837\u3002\u60df\u6709\u73cd\u5947\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5230\u6765\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u6bd4\u59821827\u5e74\u4eae\u76f8\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u3002\u76f4\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u65c5\u884c\u6307\u5357\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u8c08\u53ca\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7c7b\u4eba\u733f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u3000\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u5927\u81ea\u7136\uff083\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u89c2\u5ff5\u800c\u975e\u5927\u4f17\u5316\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4f46\u4e24\u8005\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u65b0\u5947\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7231\u597d\u3002\u5728\u7531\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u516c\u5171\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u6267\u8457\u4e8e\u6269\u5f20\u89c4\u6a21\u6216\u5b8c\u5584\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4e0e\u5bf9\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u7740\u8ff7\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u58f0\u7684\u9ed8\u5951\u3002\u5728\u79c1\u8425\u6216\u6536\u8d39\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u7ecf\u7406\u4eec\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u65b0\u5947\u6027\u662f\u5438\u5f15\u65b0\u6e38\u5ba2\u7684\u7edd\u597d\u8bf1\u9975\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u5404\u79cd\u96be\u9898\u800c\u9646\u7eed\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u5934\u4e9a\u6d32\u8c61\uff081831\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\uff081836\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u5c71\u9b48\uff081849\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u6cb3\u9a6c\uff081850\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u6d77\u8c5a\uff081862\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u5934\u975e\u6d32\u8c61\uff081865\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\uff081883\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u7329\u7329\uff081887\uff09\u548c\u4e00\u53ea\u970d\u52a0\u72d3\uff081935\uff09\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6bcf\u53ea\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5230\u6765\u90fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u8f70\u52a8\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u9996\u6b21\u5149\u4e34\u6b27\u6d32\u6216\u9700\u8981\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7279\u522b\u5efa\u9020\u65b0\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u73cd\u7a00\u7269\u79cd\u2014\u2014\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u7329\u7329\uff081836\uff09\u3001\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u751f\u6001\u2026\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\u201d\uff081853\uff09\u548c\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u7329\u7329\uff081876\uff09\u4fbf\u5c5e\u6b64\u7c7b\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u8fce\u6765\u7280\u725b\u540e\uff081850\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u5f53\u5e74\u4fbf\u7ffb\u4e86\u4e00\u500d\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u6162\u6162\u6269\u5145\uff0c\u7269\u79cd\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5e73\u6de1\u65e0\u5947\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e5f\u6c34\u6da8\u8239\u9ad8\uff0c\u65e5\u6e10\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ecd\u5c5e\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u5f97\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\uff08\u5370\u5ea6\u8c61\uff09\u3002\u5927\u7329\u7329\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\u6d41\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c1827\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ece\u672a\u89c1\u8fc7\u7684\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u57281829\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u505a\u5ba2\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u4ece1836\u5e74\u52301892\u5e74\uff0c\u4ece1895\u5e74\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ece\u672a\u7f3a\u5e2d\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u751a\u81f3\u5f15\u9886\u4e86\u70ed\u6f6e\u548c\u65f6\u5c1a\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u6cb3\u9a6c\u662f\u5927\u4f17\u5ba0\u513f\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u5728\u5168\u82f1\u810d\u7099\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u300a\u6f58\u8da3\u300b\uff08Punch\uff09\u6f2b\u753b\u548c\u65e0\u6570\u7248\u753b\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\u3002\u65af\u7279\u5170\u51fa\u552e\u5b83\u7684\u94f6\u8d28\u5c0f\u5851\u50cf\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u6cb3\u9a6c\u6ce2\u5c14\u5361\u201d\u662f\u4f26\u6566\u6c99\u9f99\u4e2d\u7684\u70ed\u95e8\u821e\u66f2\u3002\u4e00\u59341826\u5e74\u5230\u8fbe\u65af\u56fe\u76ae\u5c3c\u57fa\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u540c\u6837\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u80a1\u827a\u672f\u521b\u4f5c\u98ce\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u57c3\u53ca\u603b\u7763\u4e3a\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u52bf\u529b\u91cd\u5efa\u53cb\u597d\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u8d60\u9001\u76843\u53ea\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u662f\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u30021827~29\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u88ab\u9001\u5230\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u3001\u4f26\u6566\u548c\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u3002\u8d60\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u53ea\u662f\u57281826\u5e7411\u6708\u7684\u67d0\u5929\u591c\u95f4\u767b\u9646\u9a6c\u8d5b\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd0\u9001\u8005\u62c5\u5fc3\u767d\u5929\u5378\u8239\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5168\u57ce\u76db\u4f20\u5de8\u578b\u602a\u517d\u5230\u8fbe\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u6d41\u8a00\u3002\u5979\u5728\u7701\u957f\u5b98\u90b8\u4e2d\u5ea6\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e25\u51ac\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u591a\u6b21\u62db\u5f85\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5979\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ec\u5f00\u3002\u6bcf\u5929\u7684\u6b63\u5348\u5230\u4e0b\u53483\u70b9\uff0c\u5979\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u57ce\u4e2d\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e00\u5708\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u5747\u6709\u7e41\u6742\u4eea\u5f0f\u886c\u6258\u59cb\u7ec8\uff0c\u55a7\u56b7\u4eba\u7fa4\u7c07\u62e5\u5de6\u53f3\u30021827\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u5979\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u5e26\u961f\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u827e\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u82e5\u5f17\u9c81\u74e6\u00b7\u5723\u4f0a\u83b1\u5c14\u3002\u4ed6\u8d70\u5728\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u7684\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5165\u57ce\u8fd8\u662f\u8fdb\u6751\u5747\u5f92\u6b65\u800c\u884c\uff0c\u8eab\u524d\u662f\u4e00\u652f\u5baa\u5175\u62a4\u536b\u961f\uff0c\u8eab\u540e\u8ddf\u7740\u4e00\u8f66\u8f66\u7684\u8865\u7ed9\u54c1\u3002\u6574\u9547\u6574\u9547\u7684\u4eba\u4ece\u9644\u8fd1\u5730\u533a\u62e5\u6765\uff0c\u56f4\u89c2\u4eba\u7fa4\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5e9e\u5927\u3002\u5a92\u4f53\u65e5\u65e5\u8ffd\u8e2a\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u5341\u4e16\u4e5f\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5728\u91cc\u6602\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u8fd9\u53ea\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u8d1d\u52d2\u5e93\u5c14\u5e7f\u573a\uff08PlaceBellecour\uff09\uff0c\u8fde\u519b\u961f\u4e5f\u53d7\u547d\u51fa\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u5979\u6323\u8131\u4e86\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5413\u574f\u4e86\u9a6c\u5339\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u89c2\u4f17\u7684\u4e00\u9635\u6050\u614c\u3002\u6b21\u65e5\uff0c\u62a5\u7eb8\u520a\u767b\u4e86\u201c\u5728\u90a3\u5934\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u5236\u9020\u7684\u9a9a\u4e71\u4e2d\u8d70\u5931\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u201d\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5f85\u5728\u8b66\u5bdf\u5c40\u4e2d\u7b49\u5f85\u5bb6\u4eba\u8ba4\u9886\u3002\u5728\u4e8e6\u6708\u4efd\u62b5\u8fbe\u5df4\u9ece\u540e\uff0c\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u88ab\u5e26\u5230\u4e86\u8eab\u5728\u5723\u514b\u52b3\u5fb7\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u73b0\u573a\u8fd8\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u535a\u7269\u9986\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u7ba1\u548c\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5f81\u670d\u5947\u5f02\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4e3b\u529b\u519b\u3002\u5728\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u6700\u7ec8\u843d\u811a\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u540e\uff0c\u6709600000\u540d\u6765\u81ea\u56db\u9762\u516b\u65b9\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u57281827\u5e746\u6708\u81f312\u6708\u4e4b\u95f4\u6b23\u8d4f\u4e86\u5979\u7684\u5348\u540e\u6f2b\u6b65\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u53ea\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u5230\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5e26\u6709\u5979\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u5e74\u5386\u548c\u65e5\u5386\u65b0\u9c9c\u51fa\u7089\uff0c\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u7248\u753b\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u70ed\u9500\u4e8e\u6e38\u4e50\u573a\u3001\u96c6\u5e02\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u5979\u8fd8\u6210\u4e86\u620f\u5267\u3001\u8bbd\u523a\u5e7d\u9ed8\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\uff07\u201c\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff08LaGirafeouleGouvernementdesb\u00eates\uff09\u201d\uff0c1827\uff1b\u201c\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\uff1a\u9082\u9005\u5c0f\u718a\u9a6c\u4e01\uff08Damegirafe\u00e0Paris\uff1aAventuresetvoyage\u2026\u2026racont\u00e9s\u00e0l\u2019oursMartin\u201d\uff0c1827\uff09\u3001\u6b4c\u66f2\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\uff08\u201cLaGirafe\u201d\uff0c\u8f9b\u683c\uff08Singer\uff09\u8c31\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u9996\u94a2\u7434\u534e\u5c14\u5179\u821e\u66f2\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u548c\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u7684\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u70ed\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u8fbe\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5c0f\u89d1\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4eec\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u821e\u8e48\uff08\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u52a0\u6d1b\u666e\u821e\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u6bb5\u8f7b\u6b4c\u5267\uff07\u300a\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u6765\u4e86\u300b\uff08LaGirafe\u00e0Vienne\uff09\uff07\u548c\u4e00\u90e8\u6b4c\u5267\uff08\u300aLaMuettedePortici\u300b\uff09\u30021850\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u6d53\u539a\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6bd4\u59821936\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u7329\u7329\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u53ea\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e86\u8f83\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5927\u7329\u7329\uff09\u548c1973\u5e74\u6765\u5230\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u5927\u718a\u732b\uff0c\u4f461750~1850\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u65f6\u5c1a\u518d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u66fe\u51fa\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u975e\u5076\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9100\u5e74\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u8fbe\u5230\u5dc5\u5cf0\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u65e0\u7591\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6e38\u5ba2\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u504f\u597d\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u8d8b\u4e4b\u82e5\u9e5c\u5730\u6d8c\u5411\u5927\u8c61\u3001\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u3001\u7280\u725b\u548c\u6cb3\u9a6c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5927\u578b\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u201c\u5c55\u793a\u201d\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5300\u79f0\u4f53\u5f62\u3001\u5e9e\u5927\u8eaf\u4f53\u548c\u60ca\u4eba\u529b\u91cf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c31\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u53f9\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5947\u8ff9\u3002\u5927\u8c61\u6700\u53d7\u9752\u7750\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u9a6f\u670d\u800c\u53c8\u6e29\u987a\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u4eb2\u5bc6\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a91\u4e0a\u8c61\u80cc\u3002\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u53d7\u4eba\u559c\u7231\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u91ce\u6027\u548c\u6b8b\u9177\uff08\u4eba\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u6000\u7591\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5403\u4eba\u91ce\u517d\uff09\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u55bb\u793a\u4e86\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u656c\u754f\u548c\u5f81\u670d\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\u611f\u3002\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u72ec\u5177\u9b45\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5916\u5f62\u3001\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u51b7\u9177\u548c\u540d\u526f\u5176\u5b9e\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u4ee4\u4eba\u559c\u60e7\u53c2\u534a\u3002\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4ecd\u7136\u9c9c\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5916\u5f62\u602a\u5f02\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u888b\u9f20\u3001\u6d77\u72ee\u3001\u970d\u52a0\u72d3\uff09\u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u6a21\u4eff\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u76f4\u7acb\u884c\u8d70\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u718a\uff0c\u4f01\u9e45\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7334\u5b50\uff09\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u4fe8\u7136\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u5409\u7965\u7269\u30021826\u5e74\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728Exeter\u2019Change\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u4e18\u5c3c\uff08Chunee\uff09\u7684\u6b7b\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u9a9a\u4e71\uff1b1882\u5e74\uff0c\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u5927\u5757\u5934\u88ab\u5356\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5df4\u7eb3\u59c6\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u62db\u81f4\u4e3e\u56fd\u6297\u8bae\u3002\u6cb3\u9a6cObaysch\uff08\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff09\u3001\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u8428\u8389\uff08Sally\uff0c80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff09\u548c\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u7684\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u9886\u4e8b\uff08Consul\uff0c90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff09\u4e5f\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u7329\u7329\u6210\u4e86\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u751a\u81f3\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5370\u7ae0\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5409\u7965\u7269\u7684\u786e\u7acb\u65e2\u662f\u7cbe\u5fc3\u6311\u9009\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7ba1\u7406\u5c42\uff08\u5e0c\u671b\u5438\u5f15\u6e38\u5ba2\uff09\u3001\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\uff08\u6025\u9700\u65f6\u4e8b\u70ed\u70b9\uff09\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u58f0\u7684\u9ed8\u5951\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5149\u6709\u65b0\u5947\u6027\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u3002\u50cf\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u6216\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5371\u9669\u731b\u517d\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ee5\u65b0\u5947\u4e3a\u5356\u70b9\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5e73\u51e1\u65e0\u5947\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\uff09\u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u54c8\u4e3d\u96c5\u7279\u00b7\u5229\u7279\u6c83\uff08HarrietRitvo\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u72ee\u5b50\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u82f1\u8363\u8000\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5409\u7965\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ecb\u517b\u6e29\u60c5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6fc0\u53d1\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u3002\u5409\u7965\u7269\u5927\u591a\u662f\u4f53\u79ef\u53ef\u89c2\u7684\u8349\u98df\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5927\u5757\u5934\u662f\u6700\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u56da\u517b\u539a\u76ae\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u4f17\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u6e29\u987a\u7684\u201c\u597d\u52a8\u7269\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4eba\u5fc3\u7075\u76f8\u901a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u5d07\u5c1a\u670d\u4ece\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u71c3\u8d77\u548c\u8c10\u5171\u5904\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u7c7b\u4eba\u733f\u53d7\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u6b27\u6d32\u5316\uff08\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u8428\u8389\u548c\u9886\u4e8b\u7684\u7740\u88c5\u3001\u57f9\u80b2\u548c\u5582\u517b\u90fd\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u5c06\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u897f\u65b9\u5316\u5e76\u5c06\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u201d\u6587\u660e\u5e26\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u96c4\u5fc3\u58ee\u5fd7\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u8c03\u67e5\u90fd\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u504f\u597d\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa60\u548c70\u4ee3\u5bf9\u4f26\u6566\u548c\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u6240\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u5e76\u65e0\u4e24\u6837\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u975e\u6d32\u91ce\u751f\u8c61\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u6d8c\u5165\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u8c61\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5f00\u59cb\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u65e0\u6bd4\u61a7\u61ac\u7684\u65e0\u754f\u4e0d\u7f81\u7684\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u8ba9\u6e38\u5ba2\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u5b83\u719f\u89c6\u65e0\u7779\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u300019\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e0a\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u6001\u5ea6\u5df2\u7ecf\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u6536\u96c6\u6d3b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u60f3\uff08\u5047\u5982\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u771f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8fc7\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u7ecf\u5e38\u8bbf\u95ee\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8bb0\u80051933\u5e74\u5bf9\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u62a5\u9053\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d41\u884c\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u53cd\u6620\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5916\u5f62\u548c\u76ae\u6bdb\u4e4b\u7f8e\u7740\u58a8\u751a\u91cd\uff0c\u91cd\u5fc3\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u7f8e\u89c2\u8ff7\u4eba\u6216\u5bb9\u6613\u8ba9\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u8d77\u66f4\u5e38\u89c1\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e0a\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u996e\u98df\u3001\u4e60\u6027\u3001\u6027\u60c5\u548c\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e60\u60ef\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5979\u5bf9\u523a\u8c5a\u9f20\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u62df\u4eba\u5316\u7684\u63cf\u5199\uff1a\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fdb\u98df\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u6700\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4e8b\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u8f7b\u5de7\u5730\u6293\u8d77\u6211\u9012\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6c34\u679c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5750\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u7528\u9177\u4f3c\u53cc\u624b\u7684\u524d\u722a\u5c06\u6c34\u679c\u6367\u5230\u5634\u8fb9\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u7528\u7259\u5c16\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9\u5730\u8f7b\u5543\u679c\u5b50\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u5728\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7ffc\u7ffc\u5730\u907f\u514d\u5f04\u810f\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u5403\u5b8c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7ad9\u8d77\u8eab\u6765\uff0c\u6446\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u5bcc\u8868\u8fbe\u529b\u7684\u59ff\u52bf\uff0c\u5411\u6211\u7d22\u8981\u53e6\u4e00\u5757\u9999\u751c\u7518\u7f8e\u7684\u6c34\u679c\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f5c\u8005\u4e5f\u504f\u7231\u90a3\u4e9b\u559c\u6b22\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u2014\u2014\u6709\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u914d\u5408\u4eba\u7c7b\u56da\u7981\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u8c61\u548c\u98df\u8681\u517d\u4e50\u4e8e\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cb3\u9a6c\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u81ea\u613f\u63a5\u8fd1\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4ea4\u9645\u503e\u5411\u201d\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u3000\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u5927\u81ea\u7136\uff084\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e73\u51e1\u52a8\u7269\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u89e3\u5256\u7ed3\u6784\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u65b0\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u89e3\u5256\u7ed3\u6784\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u5e73\u51e1\u52a8\u7269\u2014\u2014\u76f4\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u6444\u5f71\u672f\u3001\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u7a0d\u540e\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u624d\u6709\u6240\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5916\u8868\u548c\u6027\u60c5\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6469\u5c3c\u6559\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\uff08\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5927\u76f8\u5f84\u5ead\uff09\u4ee5\u597d\u6216\u574f\u3001\u6e29\u548c\u6216\u51f6\u6076\u7684\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u98df\u8089\u52a8\u7269\u4e00\u822c\u88ab\u5f52\u5165\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u597d\u98df\u8364\u8165\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u91ce\u86ee\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u5929\u6027\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u7334\u5b50\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u987d\u52a3\u800c\u53c8\u8d2a\u5a6a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4e5f\u88ab\u5f52\u5165\u6b64\u7c7b\u3002\u8349\u98df\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u9a6f\u5316\u7684\u8349\u98df\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5219\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u4eb2\u7f18\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u5f53\u6210\u89c2\u8d4f\u7269\u6216\u98df\u7269\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u9c7c\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f20\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u4f46\u5374\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u622a\u7136\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a\u718a\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u6027\u60c5\u6e29\u826f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u76f8\u5f53\u5371\u9669\uff1b\u5f15\u4eba\u601c\u7231\u7684\u7f9a\u7f8a\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6740\u6b7b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff1b\u800c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u51f6\u6b8b\u731b\u517d\u7f8e\u6d32\u864e\u5176\u5b9e\u5f88\u5c11\u653b\u51fb\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4eba\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u76f8\u9047\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u98a0\u8986\u65e7\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u56da\u517b\u65b9\u5f0f\u52a9\u957f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u5ff5\u30021850\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u65c5\u6e38\u6307\u5357\u5c06\u9b23\u72d7\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u90aa\u6076\u5230\u9aa8\u5b50\u91cc\u201d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9b23\u72d7\u7684\u5916\u8868\u5e76\u4e0d\u53cd\u6620\u672c\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u5927\u52a0\u5632\u8bbd\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u9a73\u65a5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4ecd\u7136\u4ee5\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u8bb0\u8ff0\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u591a\u7684\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\uff08\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u730e\u4eba\uff09\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u91ce\u751f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u60ca\u9669\u523a\u6fc0\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u559c\u597d\u5e7b\u60f3\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u4eec\u3002\u5927\u7329\u7329\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002P\u00b7\u675c\u6c99\u5c24\uff08P\u3002duChaillu\uff09\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u63cf\u5199\u91ce\u751f\u5927\u7329\u7329\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u5728\u6740\u6b7b\u51e0\u53ea\u5927\u7329\u7329\u4e4b\u524d\uff09\u30021861\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u4f20\u8fbe\u4e86\u5927\u7329\u7329\u662f\u79cd\u51f6\u6b8b\u91ce\u517d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u5728\u591a\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u91d1\u521a\u795e\u5316\u4e2d\u91cd\u73b0\u7aef\u502a\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5728\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5982\u65e5\u4e2d\u5929\u768419\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5b83\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u6709\u9047\u5230\u592a\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u7a33\u56fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5b83\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u65e8\u5728\u8bc1\u660e\u6b8b\u66b4\u6027\u60c5\u548c\u7965\u548c\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4eba\u4eec\u5c06\u524d\u8005\u786e\u7acb\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u53cd\u9762\u5178\u578b\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3a\u5efa\u8bbe\u66f4\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6452\u5f03\u7684\u4e11\u964b\u52a3\u6027\u2014\u2014\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f5c\u5bb6\u548c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5ba3\u626c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee5\u5438\u5f15\u548c\u6392\u65a5\u3001\u597d\u5947\u548c\u6050\u60e7\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9694\u680f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u5982\u4e00\u540d\u6e38\u5ba2\u57281798\u5e74\u6240\u5199\uff0c\u6709\u4e86\u9694\u680f\uff0c\u4eba\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u6240\u987e\u5fcc\u5730\u89c2\u8d4f\u52a8\u7269\u4e86\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u56fe\u753b\u3001\u4e66\u7c4d\u3001\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u6863\u6848\u4e2d\u6c38\u8fdc\u5c11\u4e0d\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u6401\u6805\u548c\u56f4\u680f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u5bf9\u66f4\u9ad8 \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u5fcc\u5730\u89c2\u8d4f\u52a8\u7269\u4e86\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u56fe\u753b\u3001\u4e66\u7c4d\u3001\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u6863\u6848\u4e2d\u6c38\u8fdc\u5c11\u4e0d\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u6401\u6805\u548c\u56f4\u680f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u5bf9\u66f4\u9ad8\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8bbe\u65bd\u6210\u500d\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u51b6\u91d1\u672f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u751a\u81f3\u4ee4\u5b89\u5168\u63aa\u65bd\u66f4\u52a0\u53ef\u9760\uff1a1898\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u9a6c\u8d5b\u4e00\u4e2a\u864e\u7b3c\u7684\u680f\u6746\u76f4\u5f84\u4ec5\u4e3a17\u6beb\u7c73\uff1b\u52301927\u5e74\uff0c\u91cc\u6602\u4e00\u4e2a\u8c61\u7b3c\u7684\u680f\u6746\u5df2\u7c97\u8fbe35\u6beb\u7c73\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u8d22\u529b\u6709\u9650\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u9769\u65b0\u52a8\u673a\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u9003\u9038\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u6050\u614c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u6d41\u8a00\u548c\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9003\u8d70\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u6709\u6b7b\u8def\u4e00\u6761\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u53ea\u7334\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u72af\u4e86\u8d8a\u754c\u4fb5\u5165\u6587\u660e\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u7f6a\u3002\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u60e7\u6015\u52a8\u7269\u9003\u9038\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u4f1a\u88ab\u9501\u5165\u517d\u623f\u751a\u81f3\u60e8\u906d\u5bb0\u6740\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u731b\u517d\u4ecd\u7136\u72c2\u91ce\u4e0d\u7f81\uff0c\u201c\u6e29\u548c\u201d\u7684\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u5f80\u5f80\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u5168\u9a6f\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u517d\u7b3c\u4e5f\u6709\u5929\u58e4\u4e4b\u522b\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u50cf\u6731\u5c14\u00b7\u4e8e\u96f7\uff08JulesHuret\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9886\u609f\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u8ff0\u770b\u5230\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u540e\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff1a\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u76ef\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u90a3\u51b7\u9177\u7684\u53cc\u773c\uff0c\u6211\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u66b4\u529b\u51b2\u52a8\uff0c\u5b83\u71c3\u8d77\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u6218\u6597\u7cbe\u795e\u2026\u2026\u6211\u68a6\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u62ab\u76d4\u5e26\u7532\u3001\u5168\u526f\u6b66\u88c5\uff0c\u68a6\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u51b2\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bbf\u654c\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u65a9\u65ad\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5589\u5499\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u7684\u8089\u640f\u4e2d\u52d2\u6b7b\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4f20\u5947\u6545\u4e8b\u4e2d\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u3002\u6211\u7fa1\u6155\u90a3\u4e9b\u97ad\u6253\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9a6f\u72ee\u4eba\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u603b\u5728\u63a5\u89e6\u613f\u671b\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u8bf1\u60d1\u4e4b\u95f4\u6447\u6446\u4e0d\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u6e38\u5ba2\u559c\u6b22\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\u5582\u98df\u4fbf\u662f\u524d\u8005\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\u4fbf\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u662f\u513f\u7ae5\u6240\u4e3a\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5bcc\u88d5\uff0c\u8fd9\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u5f53\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u57281855\u5e74\u7684\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\uff0c\u4e00\u5934\u718a\u5728\u4e00\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6e38\u5ba2\u9001\u4e0a\u7684500\u4e2a\u9762\u5305\u5377\uff1b1959\u5e746\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u7684\u4e00\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u541e\u5403\u4e861706\u9897\u82b1\u751f\u30011089\u7247\u9762\u5305\u30011330\u5757\u7cd6\u679c\u3001811\u5757\u997c\u5e72\u3001198\u74e3\u6854\u5b50\u300117\u4e2a\u82f9\u679c\u30017\u4e2a\u51b0\u6fc0\u51cc\u548c1\u4e2a\u6c49\u5821\u5305\uff01\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u90a3\u65f6\u8fd8\u662f\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793c\u7269\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u9762\u524d\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u611f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u5351\u8eac\u5c48\u819d\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u55df\u6765\u4e4b\u98df\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u529d\u8bf1\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u81e3\u670d\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6839\u636e1850\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u6e38\u56ed\u6307\u5357\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u63a5\u89e6\u4e86\u6587\u660e\u5316\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u7d22\u6c42\u98df\u7269\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u5df2\u7ecf\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u91ce\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u793c\u7269\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u548c\u5e73\u548c\u4ea4\u6d41\u613f\u671b\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u53cb\u8c0a\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u300020\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u5927\u91cf19\u4e16\u7eaa\u6587\u732e\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u56da\u517b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u56f4\u89c2\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u80fd\u4ee4\u67d0\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u7334\u5b50\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u6d77\u751f\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u9e7f\uff0c\u718a\uff09\u5174\u594b\uff0c\u7f13\u89e3\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u70e6\u8e81\u5e76\u589e\u5f3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u65e0\u52a8\u4e8e\u8877\u3002\u4eba\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53d1\u5c55\u4ee5\u540c\u5316\u4f5c\u7528\uff08\u52a8\u7269\u5c06\u4eba\u5f53\u6210\u540c\u7c7b\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u4ee5\u62df\u4eba\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f\u5206\u6790\u52a8\u7269\uff09\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f15\u8d77\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u88ab\u7406\u776c\u5c31\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u60a6\uff0c\u800c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u4e5e\u6c42\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u505a\u51fa\u4e5e\u6c42\u52a8\u4f5c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u81ea\u5df1\u80fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f97\u5230\u98df\u7269\uff08\u718a\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5a31\u81ea\u4e50\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u820c\u5934\uff08\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\uff0c\u9e7f\uff09\u3001\u8eaf\u4f53\uff08\u5927\u8c61\uff09\u3001\u624b\u81c2\uff08\u7334\u5b50\uff09\u548c\u722a\u5b50\uff08\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u718a\uff09\uff0c\u4f1a\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u9886\u4f1a\u54ea\u4e9b\u8868\u60c5\u548c\u59ff\u6001\u80fd\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u5e26\u6765\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u540c\u7c7b\u4f1a\u501f\u9274\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bc0\u7a8d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u59ff\u6001\u80fd\u53d6\u60a6\u7b3c\u5b50\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u5bf9\u76f8\u5173\u52a8\u7269\u505a\u51fa\u79ef\u6781\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u5582\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f1a\u5c06\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u770b\u6210\u611a\u8822\u6216\u61d2\u6563\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5411\u5b83\u4eec\u6295\u63b7\u6742\u7269\u4ee5\u903c\u8feb\u5b83\u4eec\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u62df\u4eba\u5316\u7406\u89e3\u5df2\u7ecf\u917f\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e8b\u6545\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u4e0e\u718a\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8bf4\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u6027\u60c5\uff0c\u4eba\u5bf9\u718a\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u4e00\u76f4\u6700\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\uff1a\u6709\u4e9b\u6e38\u5ba2\u4f1a\u7ffb\u8fc7\u56f4\u680f\u6216\u8df3\u4e0b\u718a\u56ed\u53bb\u5582\u718a\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u76f8\u4fe1\u718a\u4f1a\u505a\u51fa\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff1b\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u4f1a\u906d\u5230\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e00\u76f4\u7eb5\u5bb9\u751a\u81f3\u9f13\u52b1\u6e38\u5ba2\u7684\u5582\u98df\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4f1a\u8282\u7701\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9972\u517b\u6210\u672c\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u8086\u610f\u6ee5\u7528\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5582\u98df\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\uff08\u5f3a\u884c\u5582\u98df\u3001\u80a5\u80d6\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff09\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6216\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u7981\u6b62\u6e38\u5ba2\u5582\u98df\u7684\u89c4\u4ee4\u6700\u65e9\u51fa\u73b0\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f\u548c\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\u53d8\u5f97\u76f8\u5f53\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u8fd9\u8981\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u996e\u98df\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u548c\u83b7\u53d6\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7981\u4ee4\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u62b5\u5236\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u3000\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u5927\u81ea\u7136\uff085\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u4f24\u5bb3\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1a1793\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u5934\u7280\u725b\u53d7\u5251\u4f24\u800c\u6b7b\uff1b\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u89c4\u5212\u4e2d\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u9632\u8303\u6295\u6bd2\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u82e6\u5fc3\u53ef\u89c1\u4e00\u6591\u3002\u968f\u7740\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u9010\u6e10\u8d8b\u5411\u5927\u4f17\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u62ac\u5934\u4e4b\u52bf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d8c\u5165\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u95f2\u6742\u5e73\u6c11\u4eec\u65e9\u5df2\u4e60\u60ef\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u7684\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u4e60\u60ef\u4e86\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u4e61\u6751\u5747\u53f8\u7a7a\u89c1\u60ef\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8650\u5f85\u884c\u4e3a\u30021891\u5e74\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u514d\u8d39\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u53f9\u8a00\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u5927\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e8b\u6545\u9891\u7387\u5927\u5927\u4e0a\u5347\uff1a\u9e1f\u7684\u7fc5\u8180\u88ab\u70e7\u4f24\u6216\u626f\u6389\uff1b\u52a8\u7269\u88ab\u85e4\u6761\u6216\u77f3\u5757\u51fb\u4f24\uff1b\u63ba\u7740\u78f7\u3001\u9152\u7cbe\u6216\u70df\u8349\u7684\u6709\u6bd2\u98df\u7269\u6216\u6df7\u7740\u9c7c\u94a9\u6216\u5200\u7247\u7684\u98df\u7269\u4ee4\u52a8\u7269\u5403\u5c3d\u82e6\u5934\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u5339\u6591\u9a6c\u66fe\u88ab\u7ed1\u5728\u624b\u6756\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u6839\u9488\u624e\u4f24\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u591c\u95f4\u4fb5\u5165\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e0d\u65ad\u66f4\u6362\u95e8\u9501\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de1\u903b\u961f\u4f0d\u3002\u76d7\u53d6\u98df\u7528\u5bb6\u79bd\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u65f6\u6709\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u804c\u5458\u76d1\u5b88\u81ea\u76d7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u3002\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5411\u5927\u4f17\u5f00\u653e\u800c\u4e14\u5b88\u536b\u4e0d\u4e25\u7684\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u4e0b\u6bd2\u3001\u6740\u5bb3\u548c\u76d7\u7a83\u90fd\u662f\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8650\u5f85\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4f26\u6566\u3001\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u548c\u90fd\u7075\u7b49\u5730\u7684\u79c1\u8425\u6536\u8d39\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4f46\u7a0b\u5ea6\u96be\u4ee5\u4f30\u91cf\u3002\u83ab\u65af\u7279\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e3b\u7ba1\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5199\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u8bb0\u5f55\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u52a8\u7269\u8650\u5f85\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u80cc\u666f\uff1a\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u4e00\u6574\u5929\u5185\uff0c\u55a7\u95f9\u800c\u53c8\u9ebb\u70e6\u7684\u5e9e\u5927\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e0d\u65ad\u524d\u62e5\u540e\u6324\u5730\u5728\u517d\u7b3c\u524d\u8d70\u8fc7\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u53ea\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u8fdc\u8fdc\u770b\u5230\u5b83\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u5413\u6b7b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e50\u4e8e\u770b\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u3001\u88ab\u7f9e\u8fb1\u3001\u88ab\u8d2c\u4f4e\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bb3\u6015\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u624d\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5632\u5f04\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u5927\u58f0\u5475\u65a5\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u731b\u62fd\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9501\u94fe\u6765\u62a5\u590d\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u9972\u517b\u5458\u7684\u89c4\u529d\u603b\u4f1a\u906d\u5230\u4e00\u53e5\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u55bb\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ed8\u94b1\u4e86\uff01\u201d\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e3a\u4e86\u5438\u5f15\u6e38\u5ba2\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f00\u59cb\u516c\u5f00\u5c55\u793a\u5de8\u86c7\u5582\u98df\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c1849\u5e74\uff1b\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8282\u76ee\u5927\u83b7\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5de8\u86c7\u541e\u5403\u6d3b\u7269\u7684\u573a\u9762\u4ee4\u89c2\u4f17\u5982\u75f4\u5982\u9189\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u660e\u663e\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u66b4\u529b\u8da3\u5411\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u90fd\u5728\u529b\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u89c4\u9014\u5f84\u5236\u6b62\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e0a\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u540d\u6d41\u663e\u8d35\u4eec\u4e5f\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u8650\u5f85\u6df1\u611f\u538c\u6076\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9f13\u52b1\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5ba3\u4f20\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u7981\u6b62\u52a8\u7269\u640f\u6597\u8868\u6f14\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u60e9\u6cbb\u7acb\u6cd5\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c1871\u5e74\uff1b\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\uff0c1900\u5e74\uff1b\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c1913\u5e74\uff1b\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c1929\u5e74\uff1b\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c1976\u5e74\uff09\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u9f0e\u529b\u652f\u6301\u3002\u6709\u5173\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u5728\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7740\u63a7\u5236\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eff\u6548\u4e0a\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u79c1\u4eba\u573a\u6240\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u786e\u5b9a\u516c\u5171\u573a\u6240\u7684\u7528\u9014\uff1a\u6563\u6b65\u3001\u601d\u8003\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u4e00\u573a\u5a92\u4f53\u5ba3\u4f20\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u5e02\u653f\u73ed\u5b50\u7684\u66f4\u6362\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed9\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u5582\u98df\u8868\u6f14\u753b\u4e0a\u4e86\u53e5\u53f7\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5a31\u4e50\u8868\u6f14\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9664\u4e86\u4eba\u6d41\u6d8c\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u4ee5\u5947\u5f02\u6027\u4e3a\u5356\u70b9\u7684\u5de1\u6e38\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u5e38\u8bbe\u52a8\u7269\u96c6\u5e02\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7247\u70ed\u95f9\u666f\u8c61\u3002\u57281850\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u7684\u6c49\u5821\uff0c\u6d77\u8c79\u88ab\u51a0\u4ee5\u201c\u6d77\u4e0a\u4ed9\u5973\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6d77\u4e2d\u9a8f\u9a6c\u201d\u7684\u7f8e\u79f0\u3002\u968f\u7740\u521d\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6b3a\u4eba\u82b1\u62db\u5728\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u9500\u58f0\u533f\u8ff9\u4e86\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u53d7\u8bad\u52a8\u7269\u5c55\uff08\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u827a\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u62ff\u624b\u597d\u620f\uff0c\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u88ab\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u91c7\u7eb3\uff09\u548c\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u9a6f\u72ee\u8868\u6f14\u5e76\u672a\u8d70\u5230\u672b\u8def\u30021819\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u4ea8\u5229&#8226\uff1b\u9a6c\u4e01\uff08HenriMartin\uff09\u9a6f\u670d\u4e86\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u8303\u963f\u80af\u5de1\u6e38\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u731b\u864e\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u96c6\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u4eb2\u548c\u4e8e\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u9a6f\u517d\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u94bb\u8fdb\u517d\u7b3c\uff0c\u8ba9\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u542c\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u6307\u6325\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4ee4\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u60ca\u53f9\u4e0d\u5df2\uff1a\u4ed6\u80fd\u8ba9\u72ee\u548c\u864e\u548c\u7766\u5171\u5904\uff1b\u751a\u81f3\u6562\u4e8e\u5feb\u901f\u593a\u8d70\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5634\u8fb9\u730e\u7269\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u80f3\u818a\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u8303\u5b89\u5e03\u5c14\u662f\u9a6f\u72ee\u672f\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece1832\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u4e0e\u9a6c\u4e01\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u9a6f\u670d\u4e86\u6cf0\u7279\u65af\uff08Titus\uff09\u5de1\u6e38\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u8303\u5b89\u5e03\u5c14\u6562\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u8111\u888b\u6216\u6dcc\u7740\u9c9c\u8840\u7684\u80f3\u818a\u4f38\u8fdb\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5589\u5499\uff08\u5b83\u7684\u53cc\u5507\u88ab\u63b0\u4f4f\uff0c\u5229\u9f7f\u65e0\u6cd5\u54ac\u4e0b\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u66fe\u8ba9\u4e00\u53ea\u72ee\u5b50\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u7f94\u7f8a\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5973\u5b69\u5408\u6f14\u522b\u5177\u4e00\u683c\u7684\u8282\u76ee\u3002\u4ece1887\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5361\u5c14&#8226\uff1b\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u7684\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\u7528\u6765\u9a6f\u517d\u7684\u706b\u7ea2\u70d9\u94c1\uff0c\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4ee5\u76ae\u97ad\u53f7\u4ee4\u52a0\u98df\u7269\u5956\u52b1\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u6587\u96c5\u9a6f\u517d\u827a\u672f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8282\u76ee\u6df1\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u9a6c\u4e011823~1829\u5e74\u95f4\u5728\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u9886\u5730\u548c\u4f4e\u5730\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5de1\u56de\u6f14\u51fa\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u89c2\u4f17\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4e4f\u738b\u7235\u8d35\u80c4\u3002\u8303\u5b89\u5e03\u5c14\u5728\u4e8e1838\u5e74\u767b\u9646\u82f1\u56fd\u540e\u66fe\u4e3a\u5305\u62ec\u60e0\u7075\u987f\u516c\u7235\uff08DukeofWellington\uff09\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u8d35\u65cf\u8868\u6f14\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5e78\u4e3a\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5973\u738b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u7279\u522b\u665a\u4f1a\u3002\u5728\u70ed\u70c8\u53cd\u54cd\u7684\u9f13\u52b1\u4e0b\uff0c\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u8282\u76ee\u30021831\u5e74\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\uff08OlympicCircus\uff09\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u54d1\u5267\u300a\u8fc8\u7d22\u5c14\u7684\u72ee\u5b50\u300b\uff08LesLionsdeMysore\uff0c\u8bb2\u7684\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u83ab\u5367\u513f\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u7f62\u9edc\u7684\u603b\u7763\u4e0e\u8ffd\u6355\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u5468\u65cb\u4e8e\u4e1b\u6797\u6df1\u5904\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u9a6c\u4e01\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u72ee\u5b50\u51fa\u4efb\u4e3b\u89d2\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u5927\u83b7\u6210\u529f\u540e\uff0c\u5267\u56e2\u53c8\u5954\u8d74\u82f1\u4f26\uff0c\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u548c\u5168\u82f1\u5404\u5730\u5de1\u6f14\u4e00\u5708\u540e\u624d\u8fd4\u56de\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u8303\u5b89\u5e03\u5c14\u501f\u9274\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u521b\u610f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5148\u540e\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u300a\u67e5\u7406\u66fc\u5927\u5e1d\u300b\uff08Charlemagne\uff1b1838\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u4e0a\u6f14\u4e86\u300a\u914b\u957f\u7684\u5973\u513f\u300b\uff08LaFilledel\u2019\u00e9mir\uff0c1839\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u9a6f\u517d\u5e08\u90fd\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86\u9a6c\u4e01\u548c\u8303\u5b89\u5e03\u5c14\u7684\u6f14\u51fa\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5de1\u6e38\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8fd8\u662f\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u2014\u2014\u5728\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\uff0c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6b63\u5728\u4ee4\u9a6c\u80cc\u8868\u6f14\u9eef\u7136\u5931\u8272\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u53d6\u5f97\u53ef\u4e0e\u5c0f\u4e11\u6bd4\u80a9\u7684\u81f3\u5c0a\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u4ee4\u5e7f\u5927\u516c\u4f17\u719f\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6280\u827a\u7684\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u59821912\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u730e\u98df\u96c4\u72ee\u300b\uff08Enp&acirc\uff1btureauxlions\uff09\u548c1913\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u300b\uff08LeCirque\u00e0domicile\uff09\u3002\u9a6f\u517d\u8868\u6f14\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6b63\u5728\u53d6\u4ee3\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5730\uff08\u9664\u4e86\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff09\u660e\u4ee4\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u640f\u6597\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6b96\u6c11\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5982\u706b\u5982\u837c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u660e\u663e\u8574\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6216\u6709\u610f\u3001\u6216\u65e0\u610f\u4f46\uff08\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u6210\u529f\u6765\u770b\uff09\u6c11\u610f\u6240\u5411\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u2014\u2014\u5974\u5f79\u6700\u51f6\u731b\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u9a6f\u517d\u4e5f\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u91ce\u517d\u6587\u660e\u5316\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u5728\u8bb0\u8005P\u00b7A\u00b7\u76ae\u7ecd\uff08P\u3002A\u3002Pichot\uff09\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u6807\u7740\u7740\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0e\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u201c\u53e4\u8001\u53cb\u8c0a\u7684\u91cd\u751f\u201d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u591a\u534a\u662f\u5927\u8c61\u6216\u7334\u5b50\uff09\u7684\u6ed1\u7a3d\u4eff\u4eba\u8868\u6f14\u53d7\u4eba\u6b22\u8fce\u5c31\u4e0d\u96be\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u738b\u653f\u590d\u8f9f\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u5f17\u6717\u79d1\u5c3c\u65af\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u5df4\u5df4\uff08Baba\uff09\u80fd\u56f4\u4e0a\u9910\u5dfe\uff0c\u5750\u5728\u684c\u65c1\u8fdb\u9910\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u7eb3\u59c6\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\uff0c\u5c0f\u8c61\u5927\u62c7\u6307\u6c64\u59c6\uff08TomThumb\uff09\u4f1a\u5047\u505a\u9189\u6001\u30021886\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u5728\u5723\u6851\u65af\uff08Saint\u2026Sa&euml\uff1bns\uff09\u540d\u66f2\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u72c2\u6b22\u8282\u300b\uff08LeCarnavaldesanimaux\uff09\u7684\u4f34\u594f\u4e0b\u7fe9\u7fe9\u8d77\u821e\uff0c\u8868\u6f14\u4e86\u201c\u5927\u8c61\u7684\u82ad\u857e\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\uff08Balletdes\u00e9l\u00e9phants\uff1bfantaisiezoologique\uff09\u201d\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5fb7\u6d1b\u7279\uff08RobertDelort\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u8fd9\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u731b\u517d\u6216\u73cd\u5947\u91ce\u517d\u73b0\u5728\u6210\u4e86\u50cf\u5c0f\u4e11\u4e00\u6837\u53d7\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6f14\u5458\uff0c\u89c2\u4f17\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4eb2\u8fd1\u611f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u76ee\u7779\u9a6f\u517d\u8868\u6f14\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5438\u5f15\u6e38\u5ba2\u3002\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u8425\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de1\u6e38\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u9972\u517b\u5458\u8d39\u5229\u514b\u65af\uff08Felix\uff09\u6562\u8fdb\u5165\u517d\u7b3c\uff0c\u629a\u6478\u72ee\u5b50\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5e94\u72c2\u70ed\u89c2\u4f17\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u63b0\u5f00\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8840\u76c6\u5927\u53e3\u3002\u4f46\u76f4\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e09\u5341\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8868\u6f14\u624d\u5728\u7531\u6e38\u4e50\u573a\u827a\u4eba\u4eec\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff08\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ef4\u5c24\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c1931\u5e74\u6b96\u6c11\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff09\u548c\u5c11\u6570\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff08\u5982\u5e03\u4f26\u68ee\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff09\u4e2d\u6d41\u884c\u5f00\u6765\u30021935\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u6f14\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u4f1a\u50cf\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u6b63\u70b9\u5403\u559d\uff1a\u201c\u5b83\u5230\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u5403\u4e86\u65e9\u9910\uff0c\u4e0b\u5348\u4e24\u70b9\u5403\u4e86\u5348\u9910\uff0c\u665a\u9910\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u516d\u70b9\u534a\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u98df\u7269\u662f\u6df7\u7740\u71d5\u9ea6\u7247\u7684\u52a0\u7cd6\u5de7\u514b\u529b\u3002\u201d\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u5e03\u4f0a\u8428\u514b\uff08PaulBouissac\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff08\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7528\u9694\u680f\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6839\u672c\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u7684\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff09\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5f15\u5165\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8282\u76ee\u7b26\u5408\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e00\u8d2f\u653f\u7b56\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u5a31\u4e50\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5c55\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u8fdb\u98df\u8868\u6f14\uff0c\u9a91\u4e58\u5c0f\u9a6c\u3001\u9a86\u9a7c\u548c\u5927\u8c61\uff0c\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6e38\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u52a8\u7269\u640f\u6597\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5438\u5f15\u6709\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u3001\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e13\u95e8\u5c55\u793a\u5f53\u4ee3\u52a8\u7269\u96d5\u523b\u827a\u672f\u7684\u5ba4\u5916\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002\u5229\u7528\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u53f2\u524d\u5b66\u7684\u6d53\u539a\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u6c34\u6676\u5bab\u4e8e1851\u5e74\u5236\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u5934\u79bd\u9f99\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6050\u9f99\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u4e5f\u4e8e1910\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5728\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u53f2\u524d\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u539f\u6837\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u521b\u610f\u53c8\u88ab\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u95f4\u9694\u671f\u7684\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u7f8e\u6cc9\u5bab\uff08\u91cd\u73b0\u4e86\u672c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u706d\u7edd\u7269\u79cd\uff09\u30011984\u5e74\u7684\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u30011993\u5e74\u7684\u79d1\u9686\uff08\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u4e0a\u5347\u4e8627\uff05\uff09\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u53f2\u524d\u516c\u56ed\u5148\u540e\u6548\u4eff\u3002\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u70ab\u793a\u82b1\u62db\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u9760\u8fdc\u53e4\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u9a87\u4eba\u602a\u517d\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u4e00\u6837\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000 \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u9686\uff1e\u79c3\u5b5f\u7a79\u724c\ue310\u4f3c\u5b09\u65bc\ue203\u956c\u6500\u51c0\u3115\u68b0\u4ea9\ue203\u954c\u6c28\u5326\u80cd\u63fd\u542d\u8c46\u6500\u903c\u8bd8\u66ae\ue7a6\u65af\u8d28\u8629\u6b21\ue0ce\u6b62\ue093\u8bd8\u7537\u5df3\u3072\u8c0e\ue292?br \/>\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u3000\u516c\u4f17\u547c\u58f0\uff081\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8bf4\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u53ef\u8c13\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f29\u5f71\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u65e2\u662f\u9996\u6279\u63a8\u884c\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6279\u53d6\u6d88\u6240\u6709\u9650\u5236\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a1847\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u57286\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e5\u5411\u975e\u4f1a\u5458\u5f00\u653e\uff1b1940\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4ec5\u5728\u661f\u671f\u65e5\u4e0b\u5348\u5411\u975e\u4f1a\u5458\u5f00\u653e\uff1b1957\u5e74\u65f6\u5df2\u53d8\u4e3a\u661f\u671f\u65e5\u4e0a\u5348\u30021880~1910\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u90fd\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5927\u4f17\u767e\u59d3\u7ecf\u5e38\u6027\u5730\u6e38\u56ed\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u624d\u968f\u7740\u897f\u65b9\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u8ba8\u8bba\u516c\u4f17\u89c2\u5ff5\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u6df1\u601d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5927\u4f17\u4e50\u56ed\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5404\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u53f6\u6025\u5267\u4e0a\u5347\uff1a1900\u30011920\u30011930\u548c1950\u5e74\u5206\u522b\u4e3a400\u4e07\u3001600\u4e07\u3001800\u4e07\u548c1850\u4e07\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u79c1\u4eba\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6570\u636e\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5730\u65b9\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u66fe\u57281900\u548c1930\u5e74\u95f4\u5267\u7ffb\u4e24\u500d\uff08\u4ece70\u4e07\u5230\u5927\u7ea6200\u4e07\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0b\u964d\u4e861\/3\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u66f4\u5927\u4e5f\u66f4\u52a0\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u60e0\u666e\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u516c\u56ed\uff08Whipsnade\uff0c1931\u5e74\u5f00\u653e\uff09\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u5883\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u96be\u9898\u81f4\u4f7f\u5b83\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u8d77\u4f0f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u3002\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u57281900~40\u5e74\u95f4\u4e0a\u6da8\u4e00\u500d\uff08\u4ece100\u4e07\u5230200\u4e07\uff09\uff0c1945\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u56e0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5d29\u6e83\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u88c2\u800c\u8fc5\u901f\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u76f4\u52301952\u5e74\u624d\u6062\u590d\u5230\u6218\u524d\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u524d\u4e09\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fdb\u6b65\u6700\u5927\u7684\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u56fd\u9996\u90fd\uff08\u4e24\u500d\u6216\u4e09\u500d\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u3001\u67cf\u6797\u3001\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u3001\u4f26\u6566\u548c\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u7b49\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u6bcf\u5230\u5468\u65e5\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4fbf\u4f1a\u8fce\u6765\u4e0d\u8ba1\u5176\u6570\u201c\u5982\u75f4\u5982\u9189\u201d\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u3002\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\uff08\u91cc\u65af\u672c\uff0c\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\uff09\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u6210\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u5c0f\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u53d1\u5c55\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u5982\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u548c\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u2014\u2014\u540e\u8005\u5df2\u88abH\u00b7\u57c3\u8fea\u683c\u6574\u6539\u4e00\u65b0\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u96be\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f9720\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u540e\u4e09\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u4e3a\u663e\u8457\uff1a\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u5168\u6b27\u5404\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u603b\u91cf\u5df2\u8fbe\u52301\u4ebf5000\u4e07\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u589e\u591a\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf\u548c\u5c42\u51fa\u4e0d\u7a77\u7684\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\u5206\u5316\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u57ce\u5e02\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6210\u957f\u901f\u5ea6\u5f00\u59cb\u653e\u7f13\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6c7d\u8f66\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u4e0d\u65e0\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u57281950~60\u5e74\u95f4\u4e0a\u6da868\uff05\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u540e\u76f4\u81f31974\u5e74\u4ec5\u589e\u52a015\uff05\u3002\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u57281950~56\u5e74\u95f4\u589e\u957f\u6570\u500d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e4b\u540e\u76f4\u52301979\u5e74\u4ec5\u4e0a\u6da840\uff05\u3002\u9996\u90fd\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u666e\u904d\u6bcf\u51b5\u6108\u4e0b\u3002\u4ece1968\u5e74\u52301984\u5e74\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u4ece70\u4e07\u964d\u81f350\u4e07\u591a\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4ece150\u4e07\u8dcc\u81f3100\u4e07\u3002\u5728\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u4ece1950\u5e74\u7684300\u4e07\u4e00\u8def\u6ed1\u5230\u4e861990\u5e74\u7684130\u4e07\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f26\u6566\u4eba\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u90ca\u5916\u516c\u56ed\u3002\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u5347\u8d8b\u52bf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5efa\u5728\u4e61\u6751\u5730\u533a\u7684\u65b0\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4f9d\u7136\u95e8\u5ead\u82e5\u5e02\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u5168\u7403\u4f11\u95f2\u4e1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7c\u4f7c\u8005\uff1a\u5982\u5e74\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u8fbe100\u4e07\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u548c\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u8fce\u5bbe300\u4e07\u4e4b\u591a\u7684\u5df4\u585e\u7f57\u90a3\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u4e09\u5927\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u9650\u5236\u7684\u53d6\u6d88\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u5927\u4f17\u5316\u5b9a\u4ef7\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u7ecf\u4e45\u4e0d\u8870\u7684\u5f02\u57df\u98ce\u60c5\u70ed\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5c55\u89c8\u66fe\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u76db\u6781\u4e00\u65f6\u3002\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u65f6\u5c1a\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u53ea\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u7231\u597d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u65b0\u73b0\u8c61\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u5265\u53bb\u4e86\u6d6a\u6f2b\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u656c\u754f\u611f\u548c\u4ea4\u6d41\u613f\u671b\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u5f88\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u4e0b\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u5b83\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e1890~1900\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u63aa\u65bd\u521d\u9732\u950b\u8292\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u30021909\u5e74\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u7ae5\u5b50\u519b\uff08BoyScout\uff09\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u8981\u7406\u89e3\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\uff09\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u9605\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\u2026\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u548c\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u62c9\u8fea\u4e9a\u5fb7\u00b7\u57fa\u666e\u6797\u7684\u540d\u8457\u300a\u68ee\u6797\u738b\u5b50\u300b\uff08TheJungleBook\uff0c1894\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u300a\u91d1\u300b\uff08Kim\uff0c1901\u5e74\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u6717\u65af\uff08HermannL&ouml\uff1bns\uff09\u7684\u300aMonLivrevert\u300b\uff081901\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6770\u514b&#8226\uff1b\u4f26\u6566\uff08JackLondon\uff09\u7684\u300a\u91ce\u6027\u7684\u547c\u5524\u300b\uff08TheCalloftheWild\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0f\u72d7\u5df4\u514b\u7684\u5f52\u5bbf\u4e0e\u300a\u767d\u7259\u300b\uff08WhiteFang\uff0c1906\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u53ea\u72d7\u622a\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u540c\u4f34\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u8ffd\u968f\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7956\u5148\u2014\u2014\u72fc\u3002\u5728\u300a\u5317\u65b9\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u300b\uff08NomadsoftheNorth\uff0c1919\u5e74\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8a79\u59c6\u65af&#8226\uff1b\u5965\u5229\u5f17&#8226\uff1b\u67ef\u4f0d\u5fb7\uff08JamesOliverCurwood\uff09\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u53ea\u72d7\u548c\u4e00\u5934\u718a\u7684\u53cb\u8c0a\u3002\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\u683c\u96f7\u00b7\u5965\u5c14\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u6355\u517d\u751f\u6daf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u8ba9\u4ed6\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4ed6\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u62a4\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6bc1\u706d\u751f\u547d\u3002\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u7684\u4e3b\u7ba1\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u300a\u8352\u91ce\u671d\u5723\u8005\u300b\uff08PilgrimsoftheWild\uff09\u548c\u300a\u7a7a\u6728\u5c4b\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u300b\uff08TalesofanEmptyCabin\uff09\u5ba3\u626c\u4e86\u7f8e\u6d32\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u89c2\uff0c\u4e24\u4e66\u90fd\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u88ab\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u8f6c\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u30021945\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u4e0d\u51cf\u7684\u70ed\u6f6e\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6c83\u5c14\u7279&#8226\uff1b\u8fea\u58eb\u5c3c1947\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u5236\u4f5c\u300a\u6d77\u8c79\u5c9b\u300b\uff08SealIsland\uff09\u548c\u300a\u5728\u6d77\u72f8\u8c37\u4e2d\u300b\uff08InBeaverValley\uff09\uff0c\u745e\u5178\u4eba\u963f\u5185\u00b7\u8428\u514b\u65af\u591a\u592b\uff08ArneSucksdorff\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5927\u5192\u9669\u300b\uff08TheGreatAdventure\uff09\uff0c\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u7f57\u897f\u592b\uff08Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ricRossif\uff09\u7684\u300aLesAnimaux\u300b\uff081963\uff09\u548c\u300a\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u8282\u65e5\u300b\uff08LaF\u00eateSauvage\uff0c1975\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u96c5\u514b\u00b7\u5e93\u65af\u6258\uff08JacquesCousteau\uff09\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u8fd1\u6765\uff0c\u7b80\u00b7\u53e4\u591a\u5c14\uff08JaneGoodall\uff09\u548c\u8f9b\u897f\u5a05\u00b7\u83ab\u65af\uff08CynthiaMoss\uff09\u7b49\u5b9e\u7528\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u5e73\u6c11\u5316\u79d1\u5b66\u4e5f\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u589e\u957f\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5d2d\u65b0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u98ce\u5c1a\u548c\u66f4\u5145\u88d5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4e00\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5de5\u65f6\u6539\u9769\u6b65\u4f10\u52a0\u901f\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\uff081919\uff09\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u6ce2\u5170\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u745e\u5178\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\uff081937~1939\uff09\u9646\u7eed\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u5e26\u85aa\u5047\u671f\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6d88\u5ea6\u5468\u65e5\u548c\u5047\u671f\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u65f6\u95f4\u5219\u4f1a\u5916\u51fa\u6563\u6b65\uff0c\u5230\u5468\u8fb9\u4e61\u91ce\u6216\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u627e\u5bfb\u7eff\u8272\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u522b\u6837\u98ce\u666f\u3002\u4ee5\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u548c\u6c7d\u8f66\u666e\u53ca\u4e3a\u7279\u8272\u768450\u548c60\u5e74\u4ee3\u53ef\u8c13\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3a\u5a31\u4e50\u800c\u65c5\u6e38\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u5e26\u85aa\u5047\u671f\u7684\u5ef6\u957f\u548c\u53cc\u4f11\u5468\u672b\u7684\u786e\u7acb\u53c8\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u4e61\u6751\u8fdc\u6e38\u3001\u6d77\u6ee8\u548c\u5c71\u4e2d\u5047\u65e5\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f53\u80b2\u4f11\u95f2\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u65e0\u7591\u5bf9\u5ea6\u5047\u80dc\u5730\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u8d21\u732e\u4e0d\u83f2\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5219\u76f8\u5f62\u89c1\u7ecc\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u5f00\u59cb\u8f7b\u5fae\u4e0b\u6ed1\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ee3\u6b65\u6c7d\u8f66\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u6e38\u56ed\u4e4b\u884c\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5bb6\u5ead\u65c5\u884c\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u300020\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u76f8\u5173\u8c03\u67e5\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u8be6\u7ec6\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd1\u5341\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6e38\u5ba2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u57ce\u5e02\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u6279\u5fe0\u5b9e\u987e\u5ba2\uff1a\u57281974\u5e74\uff0c\u7c73\u5362\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u4e2d\u670925\uff05\u662f\u5b63\u7968\u6301\u6709\u8005\uff1b\u572880\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u4e2d\u670975\uff05\u6bcf\u5e74\u81f3\u5c11\u6e38\u56ed\u4e24\u6b21\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e861968~84\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6625\u5b63\u548c\u6691\u5047\u662f\u6e38\u56ed\u9ad8\u5cf0\u671f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b66\u751f\u65c5\u6e38\u548c\u5b9c\u4eba\u5929\u6c14\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u76845\u6708\u548c6\u6708\u4efd\u4e5f\u662f\u65fa\u5b63\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fb9\u8fdc\u5730\u533a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e00\u76f4\u9b45\u529b\u4e0d\u51cf\u3002\u5728\u5750\u843d\u4e8e\u6d77\u5cb8\u7684\u9521\u8ba9\uff08Sigean\uff09\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u670987\uff05\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\uff08\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u65c5\u6e38\u8005\uff09\u662f\u57285\u6708\u548c10\u6708\u4e4b\u95f4\u6765\u8bbf\u7684\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u65f6\u95f4\u5ba2\u6d41\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u6e38\u4eba\u5927\u591a\u6765\u81ea\u90bb\u8fd1\u5730\u533a\u3002\u5b66\u6821\u65c5\u56e2\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u57281969\u5e74\u5360\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u603b\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u76843\/4\uff09\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u662f\u4e3b\u529b\u519b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6e38\u5ba2\u90fd\u662f\u513f\u7ae5\u548c25~40\u5c81\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u3000\u516c\u4f17\u547c\u58f0\uff082\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6e38\u56ed\u70ed\u5ea6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9ad8\u4f4e\u6709\u522b\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5219\u80dc\u8fc7\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5df2\u7ecf\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u8d44\u6599\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u4ece\u5224\u65ad\u8fd9\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u6e10\u6e10\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5df4\u585e\u7f57\u90a3\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u56fd\u522b\u5dee\u5f02\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u5174\u8da3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u30021964\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u663e\u7684\u51b7\u70ed\u5206\u5316\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u897f\u5fb7\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u65af\u9c81\u5384\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6e38\u56ed\u7387\u9ad8\u8fbe\u6bcf\u4eba\u6bcf\u5e744\u6b21\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u662f3\u6b21\uff0c\u67cf\u6797\u4e3a1\u6b21\uff0c\u6c49\u5821\u53ea\u67091\/2\u6b21\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5730\u65b9\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u591a\u5c11\u3001\u79c1\u4eba\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u63a5\u7eb3\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u3001\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u4ee5\u53ca\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u4ed6\u5a31\u4e50\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u8bf4\u5230\u6e38\u5ba2\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u662f\u5927\u540c\u5c0f\u5f02\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u53d1\u73b0\u5404\u5730\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u7ed3\u6784\u6781\u4e3a\u76f8\u4f3c\uff1a\u4e2d\u5c42\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u536020\uff05\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u767d\u9886\u804c\u5458\u536015~30\uff05\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\u4e3a5~10\uff05\uff0c\u52b3\u5de5\u662f5~15\uff05\u30021969\u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u4e5f\u5927\u81f4\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u670940\uff05\u7684\u6210\u4eba\u6e38\u5ba2\u662f\u767d\u9886\u5458\u5de5\u6216\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6df1\u53d7\u4e0b\u5c42\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u8bc1\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6536\u5165\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u52b3\u5de5\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u589e\u957f\u6216\u8bb8\u8f83\u665a\uff1b\u6bd4\u5982\u57281935~40\u5e74\u7684\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\uff0c\u6e38\u89c8\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4ecd\u5c5e\u5962\u4f88\u6d88\u8d39\uff08\u95e8\u7968\u4ef7\u4e3a1\u745e\u58eb\u6cd5\u90ce\uff0c\u513f\u7ae5\u4eab\u53d7\u534a\u7968\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728\u661f\u671f\u56db\u5411\u6709\u6210\u4eba\u966a\u540c\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u63d0\u4f9b\u514d\u7968\u4f18\u60e0\uff0c\u8fd8\u66fe\u7ec4\u7ec7\u534a\u4ef7\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u201d\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u9644\u8fd1\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u767e\u59d3\u5f88\u5c11\u6e38\u56ed\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6708\u6536\u5165\u6700\u591a\u4e0d\u8fc7200\u6cd5\u90ce\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u95e8\u7968\u8d39\u662f\u4e00\u7b14\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u5149\u987e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u513f\u7ae5\u3002\u65e9\u57281829\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4fbf\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u9762\u5411\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u6e38\u89c8\u6307\u5357\u300a\u4ea8\u5229\u548c\u57c3\u739b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e4b\u6e38\u300b\uff08HenryandEmma\u2019sVisittotheZoologicalGardens\uff09\u3002\u8d44\u6599\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5173\u6ce8\u7740\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u6e38\u4e50\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002\u8fdb\u516520\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u6108\u53d1\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u4f7f\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6e38\u56ed\u8fc5\u901f\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u53d7\u5bb6\u4eba\u7684\u5ba0\u7231\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u5f00\u59cb\u7edf\u6cbb\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3a\u6570\u4e0d\u591a\uff1b\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u8d77\u59cb\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba118\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u4f69\u7f57\uff08CharlesPerrault\uff09\u6240\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u7ae5\u8bdd\u6545\u4e8b\u4f17\u4eba\u7686\u77e5\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6bdb\u7ed2\u73a9\u5177\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u79cd\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\uff09\u3001\u753b\u518c\u3001\u8fde\u73af\u753b\uff07\u5982\u8ba9\u00b7\u5fb7\u5e03\u5415\u8bfa\u592b\uff08JeandeBrunhoff\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5c0f\u8c61\u5df4\u5df4\u5c14\u300b\uff08Babar\uff0c1931\u5e74\uff09\uff07\u548c\u52a8\u753b\u7535\u5f71\uff08\u59821928~32\u5e74\u95f4\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u83b7\u6210\u529f\u7684\u8fea\u58eb\u5c3c\uff09\u7684\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u513f\u7ae5\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u66f4\u52a0\u4eb2\u5bc6\u65e0\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e66\u7c4d\u548c\u7535\u5f71\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u7528\u62df\u4eba\u5316\u624b\u6cd5\u8868\u73b0\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u300a\u68ee\u6797\u738b\u5b50\u300b\u3001\u300a\u72ee\u5b50\u738b\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5c0f\u718a\u7ef4\u5c3c\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u7f6e\u4e8e\u62df\u4eba\u5316\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff08\u5df4\u5df4\u5c14\uff0c\u7c73\u8001\u9f20\uff0c\u5c0f\u98de\u8c61\uff0c\u5fcd\u8005\u795e\u9f9f\uff09\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u771f\u5b9e\u52a8\u7269\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5047\u60f3\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9006\u8f6c\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a\u7ed9\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u795e\u79d8\u591a\u5947\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6dfb\u52a0\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u8272\u5f69\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u30004\u523010\u5c81\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u6700\u7231\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u66f4\u5c0f\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u559c\u6b22\u89c2\u770b\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u9e3d\u5b50\uff0c\u9ebb\u96c0\uff09\uff1b\u66f4\u5927\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u5219\u5df2\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c4\u81f310\u5c81\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u4f1a\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u8d4b\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5145\u5f53\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u865a\u62df\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u9996\u5148\u89c2\u5bdf\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u8eaf\u4f53\uff0c\u8116\u9888\uff0c\u9a7c\u5cf0\uff09\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc6\u522b\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u8be2\u95ee\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u81ea\u5df1\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff085\u52306\u5c81\uff09\u4f1a\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u8bf4\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff08\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u7238\u7238\uff0c\u5988\u5988\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u90a3\u4e9b\u5916\u5f62\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6bdb\u7ed2\u73a9\u5177\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u7a0d\u5927\u4e9b\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u949f\u7231\u4e66\u7c4d\u548c\u7535\u5f71\u4e3b\u89d2\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u539f\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f1a\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u89d2\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5f53\u6210\u771f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u66f2\u89e3\uff0c\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u6b8b\u9177\u548c\u751f\u5b58\u4e4b\u4e89\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff1b\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u653e\u5927\u4e86\u5927\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u62df\u4eba\u5316\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8d1f\u6709\u516c\u4f17\u6559\u80b2\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u8bba\u8c03\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u5f3a\u97f3\u3002\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u57281933\u5e74\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u7528\u6559\u80b2\u6027\u5a31\u4e50\u5145\u5b9e\u201c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u662f\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u592a\u8fc7\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e1931\u5e74\u7684\u300a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\uff0820thCenturyLarousse\uff09\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u4e0b\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u81f3\u6781\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u6e38\u5ba2\u800c\u9972\u517b\u672c\u571f\u6216\u5916\u6765\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u201d\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u89c2\u70b9\u4ecd\u5904\u5904\u53ef\u95fb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u4eba\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u6cf0\u6797\u5185\u514b\uff08ErichTylinek\uff09\u57281933\u5e74\u58f0\u79f0\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u201c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u5b66\u6821\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6210\u4eba\u7684\u8865\u4e60\u5b66\u6821\u201d\u3002\u5728\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u4fe1\u5949\u6559\u80b2\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6240\u5f00\u529e\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5927\u83b7\u6210\u529f\u3002\u5728\u6444\u653f\u738b\u3001\u60e0\u666e\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u548c\u4f69\u6069\u987f\uff08Paignton\uff09\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5305\u7f57\u4e07\u8c61\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6001\u72b6\u51b5\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u996e\u98df\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u7b49\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u6559\u80b2\u89c2\u3002\u5728\u9b4f\u739b\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u4e3a\u4fbf\u5229\u81ea\u7136\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e61\u6751\u9644\u5c5e\u673a\u6784\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f11\u95f2\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u613f\u671b\u662f\u5408\u62cd\u7684\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u5bcc\u8c6a\u4eec\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u56ed\u827a\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u4f53? \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u6559\u80b2\u89c2\u3002\u5728\u9b4f\u739b\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u4e3a\u4fbf\u5229\u81ea\u7136\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e61\u6751\u9644\u5c5e\u673a\u6784\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f11\u95f2\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u613f\u671b\u662f\u5408\u62cd\u7684\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u5bcc\u8c6a\u4eec\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u56ed\u827a\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u4f53\u80b2\u548c\u6563\u6b65\u7b49\u7279\u6b8a\u7231\u597d\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6d3e\u961f\u548c\u534f\u4f1a\uff0c\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u518d\u751f\u7406\u5ff5\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\u3002\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u3001\u4f53\u80b2\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\u56e2\u4f53\u5982\u96e8\u540e\u6625\u7b0b\u642c\u4e0d\u65ad\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u5404\u5927\u5546\u4f1a\u4e5f\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u4ee5\u63a8\u5e7f\u5065\u5eb7\u4f11\u95f2\u4e3a\u5b97\u65e8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5de5\u4f1a\u9886\u8896\u4eec\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u540c\uff1a\u4eba\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u65f6\u95f4\u7528\u5728\u7cbe\u5fc3\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u76d1\u7ba1\u6709\u65b9\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0a\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u7cbe\u82f1\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u4ee5\u667a\u529b\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e16\u4fd7\u5b9e\u9645\u3002\u5927\u52bf\u6240\u8d8b\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bcc\u8d35\u540d\u6d41\u4eec\u6e10\u6e10\u758f\u8fdc\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u5728\u4e00\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u4fbf\u6709\u52a0\u901f\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6770\u51fa\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u6270\u4eba\u5f02\u5473\u90fd\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\uff08\u770b\u5230\u5973\u58eb\u4eec\u7528\u624b\u5e15\u6342\u7740\u9f3b\u5b50\u8fdb\u5165\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u607c\u7f9e\u6210\u6012\u7684\u56ed\u957f\u8d34\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6761\u544a\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u9999\u6599\u5e97\u3002\u201d\uff09\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42\u79ef\u6781\u5021\u5bfc\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u5316\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9a6c\u8d5b\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u6c42\u6559\u5e08\u4eec\u5e26\u9886\u5b66\u751f\u53c2\u89c2\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u4eba\u6e38\u56ed\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u30021924\u5e74\uff0c\u5e02\u957f\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u65b0\u8fd1\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u5934\u5370\u5ea6\u8c61\u66f4\u540d\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f17\u96f7\u6cfd\uff08Frazor\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u82f1\u56fd\u540d\u5b57\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u592a\u52bf\u5229\u4e86\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8fd9\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u5973\u58eb\uff08Poupoule\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u88ab\u8d77\u4e86\u201c\u8303\u5c3c\uff08Fanny\uff09\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\uff01\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5f88\u96be\u5224\u65ad\u8fd9\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5bf9\u6e38\u5ba2\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u591a\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u58f0\u52bf\u6700\u76db\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6b63\u662f\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u6025\u5267\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u6216\u8bb8\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\uff0c\u624b\u827a\u4eba\u3001\u4e0b\u5c42\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5bb6\u5ead\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5b83\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u63d0\u9ad8\u81ea\u8eab\u7d20\u8d28\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u9636\u5c42\u5076\u5c14\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u7236\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4eec\u4f1a\u5e26\u7740\u5b69\u5b50\u6e38\u89c8\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u5bf9\u4f18\u5f02\u5b66\u4e60\u6210\u7ee9\u7684\u5956\u52b1\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b69\u5b50\u5b8c\u6210\u529f\u8bfe\u3002\u4f46\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u60f3\u6700\u7ec8\u7834\u706d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5404\u7c7b\u7fa4\u4f53\u5728\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u4e3b\u547c\u58f0\u30021985\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u5bf9\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u5728\u7334\u7b3c\u524d\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u89c2\u8d4f\u65f6\u95f4\u4ec5\u4e3a46\u79d2\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u6709100\u4e2a\u517d\u7b3c\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u9986\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ea\u4f1a\u505c\u755932\u5206\u949f\u3002\u8fd9\u8ddf\u201c\u6b23\u8d4f\u201d\u7535\u89c6\u8282\u76ee\u751a\u81f3\u535a\u7269\u9986\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u7ec6\u81f4\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6e38\u5ba2\u89c2\u5bdf\u901f\u5ea6\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u8fd1\u671f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u8bbf\u95ee\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u673a\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u3000\u516c\u4f17\u547c\u58f0\uff083\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u535a\u7269\u9986\u548c\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u6587\u5316\u673a\u6784\uff081888\u5e749\u6708\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u6848\u4fbf\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5982\u6b64\u8bba\u65ad\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5ba2\u6d41\u91cf\u65e0\u53ef\u6bd4\u80a9\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4eab\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u57281909\u5e74\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5e03\u6717\u514b\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8fce\u63a5\u4e86160\u4e07\u540d\u6e38\u5ba2\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e861\u4ebf1000\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u6d25\u8d34\uff0c\u800c\u540c\u57ce\u7684\u5927\u90fd\u4f1a\u827a\u672f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4ec5\u6709938000\u540d\u6e38\u5ba2\u548c850\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u6d25\u8d34\u3002\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u628a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u770b\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u516c\u5171\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e0b\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5a31\u4e50\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6210\u672c\u5e94\u8be5\u7531\u7eb3\u7a0e\u4eba\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u4e89\u8bba\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e86\u5404\u5dde\u548c\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e2d\u30021870~1930\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u8d1f\u503a\u7d2f\u7d2f\u7684\u8d39\u57ce\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u8f9b\u8f9b\u7eb3\u63d0\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728\u4e00\u756a\u201c\u5ec9\u4ef7\u65e5\u201d\u8bd5\u9a8c\u540e\u5747\u7531\u79c1\u8425\u8f6c\u4e3a\u516c\u6709\u3002\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u7684\u6797\u80af\u516c\u56ed\u5219\u201c\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u7684\u5e02\u653f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u4e24\u96be\u56f0\u5883\u201d\u3002\u5e03\u6717\u514b\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u8005\u5a01\u5ec9&#8226\uff1bT&#8226\uff1b\u970d\u7eb3\u8fea\u4e3b\u5f20\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u91cd\u65b0\u6fc0\u53d1\u7231\u56fd\u6fc0\u60c5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u8868\u8fbe\u201d\u3002\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\uff08ScienceMagazine\uff09\u57281899\u5e74\u79f0\u8d5e\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\t\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u5df2\u88ab\u5524\u9192\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c06\u4e3b\u52a8\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u963b\u6b62\uff07\u52a8\u7269\uff07\u6bc1\u706d\u3002\u201d\u827e\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7&#8226\uff1b\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\uff08AlfredBrooks\uff09\u66f4\u662f\u57281921\u5e74\u65ad\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u89e6\u8fc7\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u804c\u4e1a\u7f6a\u72af\u3002\u201d\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u5ba3\u8a00\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u90bb\u5c45\u4eec\u62b1\u6028\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8d5a\u5f97\u6ee1\u94b5\u91d1\u7684\u996e\u6599\u644a\u6240\u6ecb\u517b\u7684\u9157\u9152\u6076\u4e60\u3002\u4e0d\u63a5\u7eb3\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u5e38\u88ab\u620f\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u96f7\u9ed8\u65af\u5927\u53d4\u2460\u201d\uff0c\u970d\u7eb3\u8fea\u4e5f\u559c\u6b22\u9f13\u5439\u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u8ba9\u975e\u6d32\u4eba\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0d\u529b\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6d3b\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u30021904\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u6279\u51c6\u5728\u7075\u957f\u52a8\u7269\u7b3c\u7684\u65c1\u8fb9\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u91cc\u9762\uff09\u5c55\u51fa\u66fe\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u5965\u5854&#8226\uff1b\u672c\u5676\uff08OtaBenga\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u66f0\u201c\u5df4\u7279\u74e6\u2026\u4ffe\u683c\u7c73\u4eba\uff08Batwa\u2026pygmies\uff09\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bd5\u9a8c\u56e0\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u800c\u4e2d\u6b62\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u88ab\u5f53\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u79cd\u65cf\u5b64\u7acb\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u6700\u521d\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6d3b\u8282\u540e\u7684\u661f\u671f\u4e00\u90fd\u4f1a\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u73a9\u201c\u6eda\u5f69\u86cb\u201d\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u4f461960\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u767d\u5bab\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u6eda\u5f69\u86cb\u6d3b\u52a8\u5c06\u9ed1\u4eba\u513f\u7ae5\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4eec\u7ec8\u6b62\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u57281900\u5e74\uff0c\u534e\u76db\u987f\u516c\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u201d\u6b22\u5e86\u4eba\u7fa4\u67096000\u4eba\uff0c1905\u5e74\u65f6\u4e3a30000\u4eba\uff0c\u800c1940\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u8d39\u57ce\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u66f4\u662f\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u8fd1\u4e4e60000\u4eba\u3002\u5f53\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5458\u5de5\u4eec\u52aa\u529b\u786e\u4fdd\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u635f\u574f\uff0c\u970d\u7eb3\u8fea\u5374\u5728\u4e00\u65c1\u53d1\u6cc4\u7740\u4ed6\u90a3\u65e0\u4eba\u7406\u4f1a\u7684\u6012\u706b\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5c3d\u7ba1\u970d\u7eb3\u8fea\u6000\u6709\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5bf9\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u6df1\u5f97\u8ba4\u53ef\u30021889\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u65af\u6f58\u585e\u00b7\u798f\u52d2\u987f\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08SpencerFullertonBaird\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u53f2\u5bc6\u68ee\u5b66\u4f1a\u59d4\u4ee5\u5bfb\u627e\u5e78\u5b58\u91ce\u725b\u7684\u91cd\u4efb\u2014\u2014\u5954\u8d74\u8fdc\u897f\u7684\u62d3\u8352\u5148\u9a71\u4eec\u548c\u5e03\u6cd5\u7f57&#8226\uff1b\u6bd4\u5c14\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u91d1\u724c\u730e\u624b\u5927\u8086\u5c60\u6740\u5317\u7f8e\u91ce\u725b\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0e\u516c\u7136\u5ba3\u79f0\u8981\u6d88\u706d\u7f8e\u6d32\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u7684\u519b\u961f\u6210\u4e86\u540c\u515a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u662f\u9760\u91ce\u725b\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u641c\u5bfb\uff0c\u970d\u7eb3\u8fea\u5171\u627e\u5230\u4e8625\u5934\u91ce\u725b\uff0c\u78b0\u5de7\u90fd\u662f\u517b\u5728\u517d\u680f\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u770b\u5230\u904d\u5730\u5c38\u9aa8\u7684\u60e8\u666f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e45\u4e45\u65e0\u6cd5\u91ca\u6000\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u5e03\u6717\u514b\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u91ce\u725b\u519c\u573a\u3002\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u8d77\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u7684\u5171\u9e23\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6279\u8bc4\u4e4b\u58f0\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u65e9\u57281880~1900\u5e74\uff0c\u6350\u8d60\u8005\u4eec\u8981\u6c42\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6539\u5584\u9972\u517b\u6761\u4ef6\u5c31\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u7eea\u5df2\u7ecf\u516c\u5f00\u5316\uff0c\u67d0\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u6279\u5e38\u5ba2\u201d\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u62b1\u6028\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u4f4d\u52a8\u7269\u7231\u597d\u8005\u548c\u5979\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\uff08\u5973\u6027\u6210\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b0\u751f\u529b\u91cf\uff09\u201d\u5bf9\u7c97\u5fc3\u7684\u7167\u6599\u3001\u80ae\u810f\u7684\u517d\u680f\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u684e\u688f\u3001\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u9972\u517b\u5458\u548c\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u517d\u7b3c\u54c0\u53f9\u4e0d\u5df2\uff08\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u8d28\u7591\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\uff09\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7c73\u5362\u65af\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u751a\u81f3\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\u5c31\u517d\u7b3c\u5c3a\u5bf8\u95ee\u9898\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u30021969\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u660e\u663e\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u58f0\uff1a\u670967\uff05\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u8005\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728\u8003\u8651\u8d2d\u4e70\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u524d\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u7f6e\u73b0\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e5f\u6ecb\u517b\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u4e3a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u57281929\u5e74\u7684\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u4eec\u7fa4\u8d77\u53cd\u5bf9\u5f00\u529e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5728\u7b79\u5efa\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u9020\u52a8\u7269\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ed9\u81ea\u7136\u4ee5\u751f\u673a\u548c\u6d3b\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u4eba\u7c7b\u201c\u5974\u5f79\u201d\u5b83\u4eec\u30021953\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f5c\u5bb6\u514b\u83b1\u7279\uff08Colette\uff09\u5ba3\u5e03\u5979\u518d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6e38\u89c8\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u518d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u89c2\u8d4f\u5979\u5df2\u8fd1\u89c2\u8d4f\u548c\u70ed\u7231\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u201c\u90a3\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u7f8e\u4e3d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u7684\u8868\u60c5\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u96ea\u767d\u7684\u6bdb\u76ae\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba9\u6211\u7740\u8ff7\u7684\u84dd\u8272\u7fbd\u6bdb\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u88ab\u4e00\u9053\u9053\u8ba9\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u5fcd\u53d7\u7684\u6805\u680f\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7559\u60c5\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u4e3a\u540d\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u516c\u5f00\u8c34\u8d23\u4e86\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff09\u548c\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\uff081935\u5e74\uff09\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u201c\u6b8b\u5fcd\u8da3\u5473\u201d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u30001958\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e24\u5c81\u5927\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u6731\u8389\u4e9a\u00b7\u5b89\u00b7\u6c83\u683c\u7279\uff08JuliaAnnVogt\uff09\u88ab\u534e\u76db\u987f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e00\u5934\u72ee\u5b50\u54ac\u6b7b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u79ef\u6028\u4e5f\u7ec8\u4e8e\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u957f\u4e5f\u7ad9\u4e86\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u75db\u65a5\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4fae\u8fb1\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u897f\u5965\u591a\u00b7\u91cc\u5fb7\uff08TheodoreReed\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u513f\u7ae5\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u9884\u793a\u4e86P\u00b7\u5df4\u817e\uff08P\u3002Batten\uff09\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u7e41\u6b96\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6210\u4e86\u5411\u5ba0\u7269\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u63d0\u4f9b\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\u7ecf\u53d7\u4e0d\u4f4f\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u8650\u5f85\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u513f\u7ae5\u5206\u4e0d\u6e05\u73a9\u4f34\u548c\u73a9\u5177\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4ef7\u503c\u7b49\u4e8e\u96f6\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed1979\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u65af\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u51ef\u7279\u52d2\uff08StephenKellert\uff09\u5c06\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u56f4\u6269\u5927\u5230\u4e86\u6210\u4eba\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f17\u50cf\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e0d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u8ffd\u5bfb\u5947\u95fb\u8f76\u8da3\u548c\u53e4\u602a\u7269\u4e8b\u7f62\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u56ed\u957f\u5fb7\u65af\u8499\u5fb7\u00b7\u83ab\u91cc\u65af\uff08DesmondMorris\uff09\u7528\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u300b\uff08HumanZoo\uff0c1969\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u4f2f\u683c\uff08HenryBergh\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u4e0d\u66fe\u5f97\u5230\u5173\u5fc3\u3002\u5df4\u817e\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a1973\u5e74\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u798f\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\uff08AnimalWelfareAct\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u519c\u4e1a\u90e8\uff09\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5df4\u817e\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u6700\u662f\u60ca\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u957f\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u6781\u5ea6\u538c\u6076\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u4eba\u9053\u534f\u4f1a\uff08HumanSociety\uff09\u7684\u90a3\u5e2e\u5435\u95f9\u4e0d\u4f11\u7684\u536b\u9053\u58eb\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u5c31\u62e5\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u975e\u6d32\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb9\u8eab\u4e4b\u6240\uff0c\u4ed6\u82b1\u4e865\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8003\u5bdf\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u4ece1974\u5e743\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u9646\u7eed\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u6570\u767e\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u79ef\u6512\u4e863000\u591a\u5f20\u7167\u7247\u3002\u300a\u6d3b\u8c61\u5f81\u300b\uff08LivingTrophies\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u5305\u542b104\u6761\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u7fd4\u5b9e\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8d44\u6599\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u62e5\u6324\u3001\u4e0d\u9002\u5b9c\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u5206\u7c7b\u3001\u635f\u4f24\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u7b49\u73b0\u72b6\u3002\u5df4\u817e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u9760\u6570\u636e\u4f5c\u5f0a\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9ad8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5b58\u6d3b\u671f\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4f1a\u88ab\u5b83\u4eec\u7edf\u8ba1\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u8be1\u8ba1\u7f14\u9020\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u957f\u5bff\u795e\u8bdd\u30021995\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u534f\u4f1a\uff08AmericanZoologicalAssociation\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u4f1a\u8bae\u6587\u732e\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u623f\u95f4\u6216\u7b3c\u5b50\u4e2d\u5ea6\u8fc7\u4e00\u5929\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u65f6\u5149\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ecd\u662f\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u201d\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1957\u5e74\u7684\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u534f\u4f1a\uff08CaptiveAnimals\u2019ProtectionSociety\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u53cd\u5bf9\u5de1\u6e38\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u7684\u6b8b\u5fcd\u8bad\u7ec3\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u6076\u52a3\u9972\u517b\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u5b83\u7684\u6210\u5458\u594b\u529b\u6c42\u5f97\u4e86\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51e0\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u6cd5\u751f\u5b58\u300270\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b66\u4f1a\u53c8\u5c06\u77db\u5934\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u4e1c\u65b9\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u9a6f\u718a\u827a\u4eba\u548c\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\uff08\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8282\u76ee\u4ee5\u52a8\u7269\u8868\u6f14\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u6566\u4fc3\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u673a\u6784\u534f\u8c03\u7acb\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u6d77\u8c5a\u9986\u4e5f\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u5bf9\u8c61\u2014\u20141938\u5e74\u9996\u521b\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6d77\u8c5a\u9986\u7ee71964\u5e74\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u83ab\u514b\u59c6\uff08Morecambe\uff09\u4e4b\u540e\u53c8\u6d41\u884c\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5730\uff0c\u88ab\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff08\u5df4\u585e\u7f57\u90a3\uff0c\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\uff09\u548c\u6e38\u4e50\u56ed\uff08ParcAst\u00e9rix\uff09\u91c7\u7eb3\u3002\u5728\u7eff\u8272\u548c\u5e73\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b49\u5021\u5bfc\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u3001\u5e93\u65af\u6258\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u7269\u8ff7\u548c\u8bf8\u591a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u4f1a\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4e00\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u5b83\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u5c06\u56da\u517b\u6d77\u8c5a\u653e\u5f52\u5927\u6d77\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u6d77\u8c5a\u9986\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4ece70\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u768470\u4e2a\u5de6\u53f3\u4e0b\u964d\u523020\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e5f\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u8d21\u732e\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u3000\u516c\u4f17\u547c\u58f0\uff084\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u30001984\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u6ce2\u6ce2\uff08Pole\u2026Pole\uff09\u610f\u5916\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u5973\u5f71\u661f\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u7eb3\uff08VirginiaMcKenna\uff09\u540c\u516c\u4f17\u4e00\u6837\u88ab\u6fc0\u6012\u4e86\u3002\u5979\u66fe\u51fa\u6f14\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u5305\u62ec1964\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u751f\u6765\u81ea\u7531\u300b\uff08BornFree\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u300a\u4e0e\u72ee\u5171\u821e\u300b\uff08PlayingwithLions\uff0c1966\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u5927\u8c61\u6ce2\u6ce2\u66fe\u5728\u5979\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u9ea6\u514b\u7eb3\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a\u751f\u6765\u81ea\u7531\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u76d1\u67e5\u534f\u4f1a\uff08BornFreeZooCheck\uff09\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u8c03\u67e5\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4e3a\u521b\u5efa\u975e\u6d32\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u7b79\u96c6\u8d44\u91d1\u3002\u572880\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0f\u5730\u4e0b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u91ca\u653e\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u53d6\u7f14\u88ab\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u201d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u76d1\u67e5\u534f\u4f1a\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730100\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u5f55\u50cf\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u538b\u529b\uff1b\u8fd9\u662f\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u9a6c\u683c\u798f\u7279\uff08RogerMugfort\uff09\u7b49\u4e13\u5bb6\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u201c\u5728\u5047\u5f97\u53ef\u7b11\u7684\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u6a21\u62df\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5317\u6781\u718a\u7126\u8e81\u4e0d\u5b89\u5730\u5730\u8d70\u6765\u8d70\u53bb\u201d\uff1a\u82f1\u56fd\u300a\u6bcf\u65e5\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\uff08DailyMail\uff09\u7ed91993\u5e743\u6708\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6709\u5173\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u8d77\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u9898\uff1a\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8981\u75af\u4e86\uff1f\u201d\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u4e4b\u58f0\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c16\u523b\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u62a5\u7eb8\u3001\u4e66\u7c4d\u548c\u7535\u89c6\u8282\u76ee\uff07\u5982RAI\u7535\u89c6\u53f01974\u5e74\u7684\u8282\u76ee\u300a\u75af\u72c2\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u300b\uff08Lazoofolle\uff09\uff07\u4e0d\u65ad\u8c34\u8d23\u52a8\u7269\u56da\u517b\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u53ebAmbienteeFaunna\u7684\u534f\u4f1a\u53cd\u5bf9\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5f00\u529e\u4e00\u5bb6\u5927\u578b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u5c42\u51fa\u4e0d\u7a77\uff0c\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u800c\u6218\uff08Menschenf\u00fcrTiere\uff09\u548cInternationaleZoo\u2026Initiative\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76f8\u7ee7\u6210\u7acb\u2014\u2014\u540e\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u53ea\u9700\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u7136\u4fdd\u62a4\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u7fa4\u4f53\u666e\u904d\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5fc3\u6000\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u9996\u5f53\u5176\u51b2\u30021965\u5e74\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6559\u6388\u8ba9\u00b7\u591a\u65af\u7279\uff08JeanDorst\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u6d88\u5931\u4e4b\u524d\u300b\uff08Avantquenaturenemeure\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u5c06\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u6bc1\u706d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u548c\u56da\u517b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u62b1\u4efb\u4f55\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u52ab\u63a0\u4e86\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u9972\u517b\u6761\u4ef6\u201c\u6076\u52a3\u81f3\u6781\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5e76\u672a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u52a8\u7269\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u52a8? \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\u5fb7\u65af\u8499\u5fb7\u00b7\u83ab\u91cc\u65af\u7684\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u53cd\u5e38\u884c\u4e3a\u300b\uff08AbnormalBehaviourinAnimals\uff09\u548c\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4f2f\u6770\uff08JohnBerger\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u770b\u52a8\u7269\uff1f\u300b\uff08WhyLookatAnimals\uff1f1981\uff09\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u58f0\u6d6a\u4fbf\u4ece\u672a\u5e73\u606f\u3002\u53cd\u8650\u5f85\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u6743\u5229\u8fd0\u52a8\u5bf9\u6297\u52a8\u7269\u8650\u5f85\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b\u4eba\u9053\u5bf9\u5f85\u52a8\u7269\u534f\u4f1a\uff08PeoplefortheEthicalTreatmentofAnimals\uff0cPETA\uff09\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u660e\u52a8\u7269\u4eb2\u8fd1\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u65b9\u821f\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08ArkTrust\uff09\u5219\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5236\u6b62\u76d1\u7981\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u66fe\u7ecf\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u8bad\u7ec3\u5e08\u9edb\u5e03\u62c9\u00b7\u4e54\u4e39\uff08DebraJordan\uff09\u76f4\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u66f4\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6e38\u5ba2\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba9\u5b83\u4eec\u5ba3\u79f0\u8981\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u66f4\u52a0\u5feb\u4e50\u5b89\u5eb7\u3002\u201d\u4ee4\u4eba\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u88abAAZPA\u6388\u4e88\u8d44\u683c\u7684143\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed1980\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u768410\u591a\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u6295\u5165\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6362\u6765\u56da\u517b\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6539\u5584\u3002\u300a\u751f\u6765\u81ea\u7531\u300b\u7684\u5f55\u50cf\u5e26\uff081993\uff09\u50cf\u300a\u5339\u5179\u5821\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\uff08PittsburghPost\u2026Gazette\uff09\u4e00\u6837\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u6240\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u88abT\u00b7\u5fb7\u65af\u8499\u5fb7\uff08T\u3002Desmond\uff09\u7684\u300a\u884c\u4e3a\u6cbb\u7597\u300b\uff08BehavioralTherapy\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u7ebd\u7ea6\u4e2d\u592e\u516c\u56ed\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u718a\u4e4b\u540e\u5199\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u7eb3\u74e6\u970d\u90e8\u843d\uff08NavajoNation\uff09\u8981\u6c42\u91ca\u653e\u4e9a\u5229\u6851\u90a3\u7a97\u77f3\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff08WindowRockZoo\uff0c\u7a97\u77f3\u9547\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9996\u90fd\uff09\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u5173\u5165\u7262\u7b3c\u6270\u4e71\u4e86\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u8f9b\u683c\uff08PeterSinger\uff09\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u6743\u5229\u634d\u536b\u8005\u4eec\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u88ab\u53d6\u7f14\uff0c\u4eba\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u90fd\u4f1a\u597d\u8f6c\u3002\u201d\u5173\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u517d\u533b\u534f\u4f1a\uff08AmericanAssociationofZooVeterinarians\uff09\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f99\uff1a\u670976\uff05\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u53f7\u79f0\u8981\u53c2\u4e0e\u79d1\u7814\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4ece\u672a\u53d1\u8868\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u6210\u679c\uff08\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f17\u6717\u65af\u00b7\u5fb7\u74e6\u5c14\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5730\u70b9\u540c\u6837\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff1a\u5723\u8fed\u6208\u548c\u963f\u7eb3\u59c6\uff09\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u8054\u5408\u884c\u52a8\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08UnitedActionforAnimals\uff09\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u201c\u63d0\u9ad8\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u52a8\u7269\u6d3b\u4f53\u89e3\u5256\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u8b66\u60d5\u6027\uff0c\u201d\u56e0\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5408\u4f5c\uff1a\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u57281920\u5e74\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e868000\u53ea\u7315\u7334\uff0c1936~38\u5e74\u95f4\u6bcf\u5e74\u63d0\u4f9b12000\u53ea\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5df4\u817e\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u5b89\u4e50\u6b7b\u5e76\u4e0d\u7f55\u89c1\u3002\u201d\u4eba\u5de5\u6388\u7cbe\u548c\u7cbe\u5b50\u51b7\u51bb\uff08\u8bb0\u8005\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u51b7\u51bb\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u201d\uff09\u5927\u591a\u662f\u5728\u4e13\u4e8b\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0d\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u73cd\u7a00\u52a8\u7269\u514b\u9686\u672f\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u662f\u65b0\u95fb\u70ed\u70b9\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e5f\u4e3a\u66f4\u52a0\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5bf9\u6297\u884c\u52a8\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86\u79cd\u5b50\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u670b\u53cb\uff08JeunesAmisdesAnimaux\uff09\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b27\u6d32\u534f\u4f1a\u57281973\u5e744\u6708\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u793a\u5a01\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5bf9\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u7834\u65e7\u548c\u72ed\u7a84\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u540c\u5e7412\u6708\u53c8\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5df4\u9ece\u9e1f\u8d29\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u8b66\u544a\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\u4e00\u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u4fdd\u7f57\u2026\u57c3\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u7ef4\u514b\u6258\uff08Paul\u2026EmileVictor\uff09\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u8bb2\u5e08\u8ba9\u2026\u514b\u6d1b\u5fb7\u00b7\u52aa\u57c3\uff08Jean\u2026ClaudeNo\u00fcet\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281977\u5e74\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u6743\u5229\u8054\u76df\uff08LiguedesDroitsdel\u2019Animal\uff09\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u4e13\u95e8\u4ece\u4e8b\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u70ed\u5e26\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08TropicanimSociety\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u72ed\u5c0f\u7684\u517d\u7b3c\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u505c\u5c38\u623f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u60ca\u4eba\u4e8b\u5b9e\u66dd\u5149\u540e\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u4e00\u7247\u54d7\u7136\u3002\u540c\u6708\uff0c\u4e00\u5934\u521a\u521a\u5230\u8fbe\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u6bcd\u718a\u732b\u4e0d\u5e78\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u5f02\u4e8e\u706b\u4e0a\u6d47\u6cb9\u3002\u516c\u4f17\u4e49\u6124\u586b\u81ba\uff0c\u5f3a\u70c8\u8c34\u8d23\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u672a\u80fd\u4f7f\u52a8\u7269\u9002\u5e94\u65b0\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u662f\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6ee5\u7528\u6b6a\u98ce\u7684\u4e00\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u8feb\u4e8e\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u8fdb\u53e3\u548c\u8fdb\u53e3\u52a8\u7269\u9972\u517b\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u65b0\u6cd5\u89c4\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u5e93\u65af\u6258\u7684\u4f19\u4f34\uff0c\u6c99\u6f20\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u8fea\u5965\u83b1\uff08PhilippeDiol\u00e9\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u751f\u75c5\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4eec\u300b\uff08LesAnimauxmaladesdel\u2019homme\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5927\u83b7\u6210\u529f\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u7ecf\u5e38\u5bfc\u81f4\u52a8\u7269\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u8d70\u79c1\u3001\u76d1\u7981\u3001\u5c55\u89c8\u3001\u6d3b\u52a8\u53d7\u9650\u548c\u8fc7\u5206\u62e5\u6324\u7b49\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u662f\u8f6c\u5ff5\u7688\u4f9d\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\uff08\u8fea\u5965\u83b1\u66fe\u53c2\u52a0\u6602\u8482\u5e03\u6d77\u6d0b\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u843d\u6210\u5178\u793c\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u53cd\u6297\u529b\u91cf\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u5e74\u8f7b\u4e00\u4ee3\u548c\u65b0\u5174\u534f\u4f1a\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u4ee5\u5168\u7403\u5316\u89c6\u89d2\u7406\u89e3\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5174\u8da3\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u4e8e\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u4e4b\u524d\u88ab\u4eba\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u519c\u573a\uff0c\u7c4d\u6b64\u63a8\u8fdb\u513f\u7ae5\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u539f\u59cb\u751f\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u5e0c\u671b\u533a\u5206\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u826f\u83a0\u597d\u574f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4ecd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7ef4\u7cfb\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5d07\u626c\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u7cbe\u795e\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u3000\u516c\u4f17\u547c\u58f0\uff085\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u4fdd\u62a4\u534f\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u8003\u8651\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u91cc\u6602\u7684SPA\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u8fea\u5965\u83b1\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u57281975\u5e74\u51b3\u5b9a\u6d3e\u9063\u5b83\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u5206\u4f1a\u8c03\u67e5\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u9972\u517b\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u5ea6\u8bbf\u67e5\u6d3b\u52a8\u57281976\u5e74\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u5168\u4f53\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c\u8fd9\u8bc1\u660e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u7b26\u5408\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u520a\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u8868\u79ef\u6781\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002SPA\u8ba4\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u6fd2\u5371\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u751f\u4e8e\u56da\u517b\u73af\u5883\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u653e\u5f52\u81ea\u7136\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u52a8\u7269\u6e05\u6d01\u536b\u751f\uff0c\u5582\u517b\u6709\u65b9\uff0c\u6709\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u521b\u5efa\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u4ee5\u53ca\u91cc\u6602\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u9769\u65b0\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u6539\u826f\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6761\u4ef6\u597d\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u517b\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u76f4\u8a00\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u4e86\u8bfb\u8005\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u4f1a\u5458\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u6ce8\u5b9a\u662f\u4e00\u9053\u6674\u5929\u9739\u96f3\u30021982\u5e74\uff0c\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u91cc\u6602\u9644\u8fd1\u5723\u9a6c\u4e01\uff08Saint\u2026Martin\uff09\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d3b\u4f3c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u540e\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\uff0c\u9707\u64bc\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u5b66\u4f1a\uff1a\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u771f\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u53ea\u72fc\u5417\uff1f\u8fd9\u53ea\u52a8\u7269\u4e0d\u518d\u6355\u98df\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u5954\u8dd1\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u751f\u6c14\u52c3\u52c3\u2026\u2026\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u80fd\u5b66\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6d3b\u751f\u751f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u4e86\u5974\u5f79\u4e0b\u7684\u7edd\u671b\u548c\u9000\u5316\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u75af\u72c2\uff01\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5417\uff1f\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c06\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u5f53\u6210\u5ba0\u7269\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u89c6\u4e3a\u9a6f\u5316\u548c\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u4ea4\u6d41\u573a\u6240\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u770b\u7740\u63a2\u9669\u4e66\u7c4d\u957f\u5927\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u8868\u8fbe\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u5177\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u7535\u89c6\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u5f69\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u8282\u76ee\u8ba9\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u5c0f\u751f\u5883\u6210\u4e86\u4ee4\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u539f\u5f62\u6bd5\u9732\u7684\u8bd5\u91d1\u77f3\u3002\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u534a\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6298\u8877\u7269\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e5f\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u50cf\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u5b66\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65b0\u5b66\u79d1\u88ab\u5404\u7c7b\u4e66\u7c4d\u548c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6742\u5fd7\u63a8\u5e7f\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u56da\u517b\u5f0a\u7aef\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5b55\u751f\u4e8e\u57ce\u5e02\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u751f\u6001\u610f\u8bc6\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u95ee\u9898\u66f4\u52a0\u654f\u611f\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u7edf\u6cbb\u539f\u5219\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4eba\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u8f9b\u683c1975\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u89e3\u653e\u54f2\u5b66\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\u2026\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u4e16\u754c\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4f20\u64ad\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7a0d\u5dee\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7684\u65b0\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec71978\u5e74\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u52a8\u7269\u6743\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\uff08UniversalDeclarationofAnimalRights\uff09\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5fb7\u65af\u8499\u5fb7\u00b7\u83ab\u91cc\u65af\u65e9\u57281969\u5e74\u5c31\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u770b\u6210\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u751f\u6d3b\u7126\u8e81\u75c7\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u548c\u8c61\u5f81\uff1a\u8fc7\u5ea6\u62e5\u6324\u3001\u7126\u8651\u3001\u4fb5\u7565\u51b2\u52a8\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u626d\u66f2\u662f\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u7ffb\u7248\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u6784\u65f6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fd8\u63d0\u53ca\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u57c3\u4f26\u4f2f\u683c\uff08HenriEllenberger\uff09\u57281960\u5e74\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6bd4\u4f5c\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u9662\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e24\u8005\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u201c\u76d1\u62a4\u8005\u2026\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u2026\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u201c\u5fc3\u7406\u2026\u75c5\u6001\u201d\u7efc\u5408\u75c7\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e0e\u533b\u9662\u3001\u8001\u4eba\u9662\u3001\u76d1\u72f1\u548c\u5de5\u5382\u4e00\u6837\u6210\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0a\u75c5\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e13\u95e8\u62a5\u9053\u76d1\u72f1\u3001\u6492\u4e01\u5c9b\u72af\u7f6a\u3001\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\uff08\u90fd\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u4e3b\u9898\uff09\u7684\u8bb0\u8005\u57c3\u7c73\u5229\u5965\u00b7\u6851\u7eb3\uff08EmilioSanna\uff09\u57281976\u5e74\u8bc4\u8bba\u8bf4\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3001\u76d1\u72f1\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u9662\u90fd\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5171\u540c\u53d8\u5316\uff1a\u66f4\u52a0\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u9694\u79bb\u66f4\u5c11\u548c\u56de\u5f52\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u662f\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\u3001\u95e8\u8bca\u533b\u9662\u548c\u76d1\u72f1\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5171\u540c\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u5f88\u5c11\u6446\u4e0a\u53f0\u9762\u3002\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u00b7\u5bcc\u79d1\uff08MichelFoucault\uff09\u5728\u8bc4\u8bba\u76d1\u72f1\u3001\u4e34\u5e8a\u673a\u6784\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u65f6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8c08\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u4eba\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa80\u548c90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u4e89\u8bae\u53d8\u5f97\u65f6\u65ad\u65f6\u7eed\uff0c\u8fd9\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5927\u52bf\u6240\u5411\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6742\u5fd7\u548c\u8282\u76ee\u90fd\u9000\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u95f4\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ef7\u503c\u8bf4\u670d\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u628a\u6279\u8bc4\u58f0\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u8d70\u79c1\u4e0a\u3002\u8feb\u4e8e\u4f1a\u5458\u4eec\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u5404\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e5f\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8bbf\u67e5\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u53e3\u53f7\uff1b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u9971\u53d7\u9f50\u58f0\u8ba8\u4f10\u7684\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u548c\u5de1\u6e38\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u534f\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f53\u6210\u4e0d\u503c\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u5c0f\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u8d28\u7591\u52a8\u7269\u9a6f\u517b\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u8c03\u67e5\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u6c11\u4f17\u4ecd\u7136\u53cd\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56da\u517b\uff08\u572880\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u8fbe\u5230\u4e8681\uff05\uff09\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u6e38\u89c8\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u548c\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u4e0a\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u70d9\u5370\u3002\u5728\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\uff0c\u6444\u5f71\u5bb6P\u00b7\u7f57\u5f17\u591a\u7279\uff08P\u3002Roverdot\uff09\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5f02\u57df\u98ce\u60c5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5728\u300aFiguresdel\u2019enfermement\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u753b\u5bb6\u5409\u5229\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u7ea6\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u88ab\u964d\u683c\u4e3a\u88c5\u9970\u54c1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u90a3\u6761\u300a\u5927\u6bd2\u86c7\u300b\uff08Serpent\uff0c1972\uff09\u6210\u4e86\u9a6c\u8d5b\u514b\uff1b\u90a3\u53ea\u300a\u72ee\u5b50\u300b\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5757\u5ca9\u77f3\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u300a\u9c7c\u7c7b\u53c2\u89c1\u300b\uff08Piscinevide\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u6cb3\u9a6c\u7684\u8eaf\u4f53\u9690\u800c\u4e0d\u89c1\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u8fd8\u7559\u5728\u4e00\u5f20\u5e03\u544a\u4e0a\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6279\u8bc4\u6001\u5ea6\u8feb\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u589e\u957f\uff08\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c1912\u5e74\u670950\u5bb6\uff0c1965\u5e74\u662f180\u5bb6\uff0c1995\u5e74\u662f302\u5bb6\uff09\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6e38\u5ba2\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u81a8\u80c0\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u76f8\u543b\u5408\uff081993\u5e74\u5171\u67091165\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709545\u5bb6\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u662f\u5927\u81f4\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u591a\u7684\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u5165\u6e38\u5ba2\u6307\u5357\u6216\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5e74\u9274\u300b\uff08InternationalZooYearbook\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u6742\u5fd7\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u201c\u88ab\u56da\u7981\u201d\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u613f\u671b\u6240\u9a71\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff081912\u5bb6\u670920\u5bb6\uff0c1965\u5e74\u8fde\u4e1c\u5fb7\u5728\u5185\u5171\u670945\u5bb6\uff09\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\uff08\u4ece8\u5bb6\u523035\u5bb6\uff0c\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u5728\u65b0\u5730\u533a\u843d\u6210\u3002\u5357\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5728\u9010\u6e10\u586b\u8865\u7a7a\u767d\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u57281912\u5e74\u65f6\u53ea\u67093\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u52301965\u5e74\uff0c\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u4e2d\u90e8\u57ce\u5e02\u5df2\u7ecf\u62e5\u6709\u4e8611\u5bb6\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\uff08\u4ece5\u5bb6\u523012\u5bb6\uff09\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5927\u591a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5317\u90e8\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u4e3a\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9f99\u5934\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u6cbf\u6d77\u57ce\u5e02\u5219\u4ee5\u5c55\u793a\u672c\u56fd\u6216\u5916\u6765\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u7269\u7684\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff081959\u5e74\u670911\u5bb6\uff09\u30021950\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff081965\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u670910\u5bb6\uff0c\u6ce2\u5170\u67099\u5bb6\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u670914\u5bb6\uff09\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5e94\u6e38\u5ba2\u70ed\u60c5\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u9ad8\u800c\u52a0\u901f\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u5168\u6b27\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u666e\u53ca\u4e5f\u8fce\u5408\u4e86\u5468\u672b\u65c5\u6e38\u548c\u5e74\u5ea6\u5047\u671f\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5efa\u5728\u5e02\u90ca\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u79bb\u57ce\u533a\u4e0d\u8fc720\u523050\u516c\u91cc\u8fdc\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5468\u672b\u4e00\u65e5\u6e38\u548c\u5e73\u65e5\u5b66\u6821\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u597d\u53bb\u5904\u3002\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u6e38\u4e50\u573a\u5a31\u4e50\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u6d77\u8c5a\u5c55\u89c8\u7684\u6e38\u4e50\u56ed\uff08\u5982\u5965\u5730\u5229\u62c9\u65af\u7279\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u6b27\u7f57\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684ParcAst\u00e9rix\uff09\u4e5f\u591a\u5728\u90ca\u5916\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5927\u7247\u7684\u5ec9\u4ef7\u571f\u5730\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5efa\u5728\u65c5\u6e38\u533a\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u628a\u63e1\u590f\u5b63\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u5546\u673a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee5\u5357\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\uff081965\u5e7412\u5bb6\uff0c1995\u5e7435\u5bb6\uff09\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff08\u4ece11\u5bb6\u523025\u5bb6\uff09\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff08\u4ece3\u5bb6\u523010\u5bb6\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u4e1c\u65b9\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u53d1\u5c55\u56e0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u524d\u4e1c\u5fb7\uff09\u800c\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\uff0c\u897f\u5317\u6b27\u7684\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u5bb6\u5374\u5728\u8fc5\u731b\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u51fa\u4ee3\u8868\uff08\u4ece34\u523072\uff09\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u3000\u516c\u4f17\u547c\u58f0\uff086\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9762\u5bf9\u65e5\u76ca\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u4e13\u9879\u5316\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u7ee7\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6d77\u6d0b\u516c\u56ed\u3001\u751f\u6001\u9972\u517b\u56ed\u3001\u9e1f\u7c7b\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e13\u517b\u5730\u65b9\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6216\u519c\u573a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u9646\u7eed\u51fa\u73b0\u30021950\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5927\u591a\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u7684\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e2d\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u66fe\u662f\u8457\u540d\u730e\u4eba\u6216\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u9972\u517b\u5458\uff1b\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5728\u8e0f\u4e0a\u5192\u9669\u5f81\u7a0b\u4e4b\u524d\u66fe\u4ece\u4e8b\u8fc7\u666e\u901a\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u76f8\u6bd419\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5148\u9a71\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u5e73\u51e1\u65e0\u5947\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u81ea\u4e3b\u7ecf\u8425\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u5c31\u662f\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u4e1a\u4e3b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5efa\u9020\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u8d2d\u4e70\u571f\u5730\u548c\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6536\u83b7\u7684\u662f\u6eda\u6eda\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5c55\u793a\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u4ece\u5c0f\u5c31\u70ed\u7231\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u5efa\u7acb\u53cb\u8c0a\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u6467\u6bc1\u52a8\u7269\u672c\u6027\u51f6\u6b8b\u7684\u8c0e\u8a00\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u57281950~70\u5e74\u95f4\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u534f\u4f1a\u548c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e3a\u5947\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u8001\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u548c\u62df\u4eba\u5316\u98ce\u683c \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n 0~70\u5e74\u95f4\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u534f\u4f1a\u548c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e3a\u5947\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u8001\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u548c\u62df\u4eba\u5316\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u8001\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u62db\u5165\u9ebe\u4e0b\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u5f85\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u751f\u6001\u5c42\u9762\uff09\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u532e\u4e4f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5feb\u901f\u76c8\u5229\u7684\u613f\u671b\u5e38\u5e38\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u56ed\u4e3b\u5ffd\u89c6\u751f\u5883\u548c\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u4fee\u5efa\u7684\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5c31\u50cf19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u5c3d\u662f\u72ed\u5c0f\u7684\u517d\u7b3c\u3001\u683c\u7a97\u3001\u6805\u680f\u3001\u6563\u4e71\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u3001\u94fe\u7d22\u751a\u81f3\u88c5\u7740\u9694\u680f\u7684\u5c71\u6d1e\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u56ed\u4e3b\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u6709\u8fdd\u4f17\u610f\uff0c\u8001\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u56ed\u957f\u4eec\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5728\u4e1c\u5357\u6b27\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5904\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f70\u5e74\u4ee3\u7206\u53d1\u6297\u8bae\u5927\u6f6e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u6269\u5927\u52a8\u7269\u6d3b\u52a8\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u957f\u671f\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u622a\u7136\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e3a\u4e86\u5236\u6b62\u60c5\u52bf\u7684\u6076\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u548c\u5c11\u6570\u77e5\u540d\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u56ed\u957f\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u8bf4\u670d\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7279\u8bb8\u7ecf\u8425\u6cd5\u6848\uff08ZooLicensingAct\uff0c1981\u5e74\uff09\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u83b7\u5f97\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u52a8\u7269\u9972\u517b\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5728\u745e\u58eb\uff0c1981\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u7eb8\u6cd5\u4ee4\u9650\u5b9a\u4e86\u517d\u7b3c\u548c\u517d\u680f\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u8868\u9762\u79ef\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c1976\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86\u9972\u517b\u548c\u5229\u7528\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u6709\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6761\u4ef6\u7b26\u5408\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u53d6\u5f97\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u6709\u7167\u7ba1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u516c\u5f00\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u6e38\u5ba2\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u89c4\u5b9a\u4efb\u4f55\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u5f00\u653e\u4e4b\u524d\u90fd\u987b\u83b7\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6388\u6743\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u4e5f\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u65e9\u57281925\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u6848\u5c31\u5bf9\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u9a6f\u517b\u65b9\u5f0f\u65bd\u52a0\u4e86\u63a7\u5236\u30021959\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u582a\u7684\u7eb3\u7ef4\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7acb\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528\u73cd\u7a00\u548c\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u82ac\u5170\u4e5f\u4e8e1989\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7981\u4ee4\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u534f\u4f1a\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u4e8e1981\u5e74\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u4e86\u91ce\u86ee\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u95f2\u7f6e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5c55\u89c8\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u53ef\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u89c4\u5b9a\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8282\u76ee\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5929\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u8003\u8651\u5728\u5185\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\u5e76\u672a\u53d6\u5f97\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u4f4e\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u60c5\u51b5\u5f88\u5c11\u53d7\u5230\u76d1\u7763\u3002\u745e\u58eb1992\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6cd5\u89c4\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u591f\u4e25\u5bc6\uff0c\u6709\u5f85\u5b8c\u5584\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u4e89\u8bba\u8bdd\u9898\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u56da\u517b\u539f\u5219\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u540d\u9ad8\u671b\u91cd\u7684\u516c\u5171\u548c\u79c1\u8425\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5148\u53d1\u5236\u4eba\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u516c\u5f00\u8c34\u8d23\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u3001\u5de1\u6e38\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u7c97\u5236\u6ee5\u9020\u7684\u65b0\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5b9e\u884c\u6dd8\u6c70\u6027\u5206\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u57c3\u5c14\u8499\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Ermenonville\uff09\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8001\u677f\u8ba9&#8226\uff1b\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\uff08JeanRichard\uff09\u4e8e1970\u5e74\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u79c1\u4eba\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u534f\u4f1a\uff08NationalAssociationofPrivateParksandZoologicalGardens\uff09\u3002\u534f\u4f1a\u5411\u201c\u597d\u201d\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6388\u4e88\u8ba4\u8bc1\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u7ec8\u6b62\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u8981\u7ec8\u6b62\u60e8\u70c8\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u96c6\u4f53\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u30021975\u5e74\uff0c\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u957f\u5168\u56fd\u5de5\u4f1a\uff08SyndicatNationaldesDirecteursFrancaisdeParcsZoologique\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e3e\u529e\u4e1a\u5185\u5b66\u672f\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u59821977\u5e74\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6559\u80b2\u89d2\u8272\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u52a8\u4e5f\u6709\u5148\u4f8b\u53ef\u5faa\uff1a\u4e00\u662f1962\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\u4e8e\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\u2026\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u534f\u4f1a\uff08InternationalAssociationofDirectorsofZoologicalGardens\uff09\u2014\u2014\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u63a8\u8fdb\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u4f0a\u6bd4\u5229\u4e9a\u7f8e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\uff08Ibero\u2026AmericanFederationofZoologicalParks\uff09\u2014\u2014\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u540c\u6837\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1962\u5e74\uff0c\u5b97\u65e8\u4e5f\u4e0e\u524d\u8005\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u300020\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8bd5\u56fe\u51ed\u501f\u91cd\u63d019\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7acb\u5a01\u6b63\u540d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u523050\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u7528\u9972\u517b\u5458R\u00b7\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\uff08R\u3002Riedmann\uff09\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6021\u4eba\u800c\u53c8\u4eb2\u5207\u7684\u907f\u98ce\u6e2f\u6e7e\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bba\u8c03\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b66\u4f1a\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u572860\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u516c\u4f17\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u9887\u6df1\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6559\u80b2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e5f\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c31\u50cf\u4f69\u6069\u987f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f11\u95f2\u5a31\u4e50\u4ef7\u503c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u201c\u8bc1\u660e\u5c06\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u5173\u5230\u7b3c\u4e2d\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u201d\u3002\u5317\u6b27\u5404\u56fd\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u4e3b\u8981\u9762\u5411\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\u57281945\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u65b0\u62db\u8fed\u51fa\uff1a\u517d\u680f\u65c1\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u3001\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6807\u724c\uff1b\u6307\u5357\u3001\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u5c55\u89c8\u548c\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6bd4\u8377\u5362\u4e09\u56fd\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u4e24\u5fb7\u3001\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5927\u578b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8058\u8bf7\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u5404\u534f\u4f1a\u548c\u5b66\u6821\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63a2\u9669\u65c5\u884c\uff0c\u5236\u4f5c\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u5185\u90e8\u62a5\u7eb8\uff08\u5b89\u7279\u536b\u666e\uff0c\u521b\u520a\u4e8e1949\u5e74\uff1b\u5df4\u585e\u7f57\u90a3\uff0c\u521b\u520a\u4e8e1962\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4e3a\u513f\u7ae5\uff08\u79d1\u9686\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\uff09\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u8001\u5e08\uff08\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\uff0c\u4f69\u6069\u987f\uff09\u4eec\u6f14\u8bb2\u548c\u6388\u8bfe\u3002\u572870\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6444\u653f\u738b\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u60e0\u666e\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u670980\uff05\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u662f\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u5219\u8d77\u6b65\u7a0d\u665a\uff1a\u76f4\u52301976\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u624d\u5728\u5317\u6b27\u5178\u8303\u7684\u9f13\u52b1\u4e0b\u771f\u6b63\u5f00\u59cb\u652f\u6301\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u513f\u7ae5\u603b\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u7279\u522b\u5173\u7167\u3002\u5728\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a91\u4e58\u5c0f\u9a6c\u3001\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u548c\u5927\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u521b\u610f\u4e5f\u88ab20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4f69\u6069\u987f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6240\u6548\u4eff\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u53d1\u660e\u5ba0\u7269\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u7075\u611f\u6e90\u6cc9\u3002\u5ba0\u7269\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u8bde\u751f\u4e8e\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u8fc5\u901f\u666e\u53ca\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5730\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u662f\u4e3b\u6d41\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u548c\u4f69\u6b27\u683c\u96f7\u65af\uff08Peaugres\uff09\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e13\u7528\u77ee\u5c0f\u800c\u53c8\u6e29\u987a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6216\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5e7c\u5d3d\uff08\u7334\u5b50\uff0c\u5927\u8c61\uff0c\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\uff09\uff0c\u8fce\u5408\u4e86\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u62df\u4eba\u5316\u60f3\u50cf\u3002\u5728\u8482\u5965\u5185\uff08Thionne\uff09\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8c5a\u9f20\u6751\u5e84\u4e94\u810f\u4ff1\u5168\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u9547\u516c\u6240\u548c\u6c11\u5b85\u5e94\u6709\u5c3d\u6709\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b49\u4e8e\u628a\u5361\u901a\u7247\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u7b56\u65e0\u7591\u5bf9\u559c\u4eba\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u6709\u6240\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u57281962\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u67091\/4\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff1b\u52301974\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u62e5\u6709\u4e86305\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u666f\u8c61\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u7ffb\u5929\u8986\u5730\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u53d6\u60a6\u201c\u5a74\u513f\u6f6e\u4e00\u4ee3\u201d\u7684\u5b50\u5973\u4eec\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e5f\u7b97\u4e00\u4e2a\u501f\u53e3\u3002\u5728\u52a8\u753b\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u5c0f\u9e7f\u6591\u6bd4\u300b\uff08Bambi\uff0c1942\uff09\u5927\u83b7\u6210\u529f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6c83\u5c14\u7279&#8226\uff1b\u8fea\u58eb\u5c3c\u4e8e1955\u5e74\u5728\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u963f\u7eb3\u59c6\u5e02\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u8fea\u58eb\u5c3c\u4e50\u56ed\uff0c\u56ed\u4e2d\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u6e38\u4e50\u9879\u76ee\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u5f69\uff0c\u968f\u65f6\u5c1a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u65f6\u65f6\u63a8\u9648\u51fa\u65b0\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u30021949\u5e74\uff0c\u7535\u89c6\u6e17\u5165\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6e38\u884c\u201d\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u8005\uff0c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56ed\u957fR\u00b7\u9a6c\u6797\u00b7\u73c0\u91d1\u65af\uff08R\u3002MarlinPerkins\uff09\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u6bcf\u5e749000\u4e07\u7535\u89c6\u89c2\u4f17\u7684\u5947\u8ff9\u3002\u8f6c\u64ad\u6743\u6536\u5165\uff08NBC\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u7535\u89c6\u7f51\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u4ef7100\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u4e4b\u9ad8\uff09\u518d\u6b21\u62ef\u6551\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u91cf\u57281940~60\u5e74\u95f4\u76f4\u7ebf\u4e0a\u6da8\uff08\u8d39\u57ce\u589e\u957f41\uff05\uff0c\u5723\u8fed\u6208\u589e\u957f240\uff05\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c55\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4f11\u95f2\u516c\u56ed\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u57281991\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u67091500\u4e07\u6e38\u5ba2\u5149\u987e\u4e86\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u8fbe\u7701\u7684\u897f\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u987f\u5546\u57ce\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4fbf\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba0\u7269\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u50cf\u8d85\u7ea7\u5e02\u573a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e5f\u629b\u51fa\u4e86\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u6a44\u6984\u679d\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u91d1\u878d\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5723\u575b\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4f4e\u4e0b\u5b83\u7684\u5934\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa50\u548c60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u71c3\u8d77\u4e86\u91cd\u62fe\u79d1\u5b66\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u3002\u5df4\u585e\u7f57\u90a3\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c1970\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u901a\u8baf\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u79d1\u666e\u6742\u5fd7\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u53d7\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u516c\u5171\u516c\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u4eec\uff08\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u4f11\u95f2\u751a\u81f3\u6559\u80b2\u529f\u80fd\uff09\u8ffd\u968f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u699c\u6837\uff0c\u51e0\u5bb6\u79c1\u8425\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e5f\u572870\u5e74\u4ee3\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u7c73\u5362\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u5148\u9a71\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4ece1965\u52301967\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u529b\u534f\u4f5c\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u77ed\u5c3e\u7334\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u3000\u516c\u4f17\u547c\u58f0\uff087\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u540c\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5c0f\u556e\u9f7f\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u4e16\u754c\u5bf9\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u6700\u521d\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u7075\u6d3b\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u6362\u4f4d\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7075\u957f\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6e10\u6e10\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7c7b\u4eba\u733f\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4ecd\u6781\u4e3a\u7f55\u89c1\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u60df\u4e00\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4ebaR\u00b7\u52a0\u7eb3\uff08R\u3002Garner\uff09\u57281896\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u4e00\u53ea\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u7684\u827a\u672f\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b20\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6c49\u5821\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u526f\u56ed\u957f\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u7d22\u79d1\u6d1b\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08AlexanderSokolowsky\uff09\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u91cd\u590d\u4e86\u52a0\u7eb3\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b1956\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u65af\u8499\u5fb7&#8226\uff1b\u83ab\u91cc\u65af\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u518d\u6b21\u63a2\u7a76\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u636e\u6b64\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u827a\u672f\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u300b\uff08TheBiologyofArt\uff0c1962\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4ece\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u56da\u517b\u7c7b\u4eba\u733f\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u7387\u9010\u6e10\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u52a8\u7269\u667a\u529b\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u591a\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u300260\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u53d1\u73b0\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u6700\u662f\u5999\u8da3\u65e0\u7a77\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u4e5f\u6709\u524d\u4eba\u94fa\u8def\uff1a\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u7d22\u5229\u00b7\u6731\u514b\u66fc\uff08SollyZuckerman\uff09\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e86\u4e00\u7fa4\u72d2\u72d2\uff0c\u5199\u51fa\u4e86\u300a\u7334\u548c\u733f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\uff08TheSocialLifeofMonkeysandApes\uff09\uff1b50\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u5e93\u9ed8\u5c14\uff08HansKummer\uff09\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u9a71\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e13\u4e8b\u6b64\u7c7b\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u7684\u963f\u7eb3\u59c6\uff08Arnhem\uff09\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u9996\u5c48\u4e00\u6307\uff0c\u5f17\u6717\u65af&#8226\uff1b\u5fb7\u74e6\u5c14\u5bf9\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8457\u540d\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff1b\u4ed6\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u7fa4\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b8c\u5168\u9694\u7edd\uff0c\u6210\u5458\u7ed3\u6784\u4e5f\u4e0e\u91ce\u751f\u7fa4\u843d\u5927\u540c\u5c0f\u5f02\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fbf\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6210\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u9694\u79bb\u8981\u6c42\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u2014\u2014\u8981\u60f3\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u79d1\u7814\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u517d\u680f\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u538b\u7f29\u5404\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u6210\u672c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u591a\u4e0d\u662f\u5fb7\u74e6\u5c14\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\u662f\u57c3\u8fea\u683c\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e3a\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u9972\u517b\u6761\u4ef6\u5408\u7406\u5316\u800c\u5f00\u521b\u7684\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5c06\u517d\u533b\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u56ed\u957f\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u65b9\u5411\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u9053\u8def\uff08\u91cc\u6602\uff0c1910\u5e74\uff1b\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c1917\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u517d\u533b\u4eec\u7684\u521b\u4f24\u5b66\u3001\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\u5b66\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6ce8\u91cd\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4fdd\u8bc1\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f53\u4e4b\u65e0\u6127\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u90fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6240\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u6d69\u52ab\u3002\u6700\u5148\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u662f\u53d7\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56ed\u957f\u4eec\u548c\u5404\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u5b66\u4f1a\uff1a\u5bf9\u524d\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u662f\u7406\u6240\u5e94\u5f53\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff1b\u5bf9\u540e\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u610f\u5473\u7740\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u5de5\u7a0b\u5c06\u91cd\u73b0\u5149\u8292\uff08\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e00\u76f4\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u56da\u517b\u7e41\u6b96\uff09\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b97\u65e8\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u56de\u9a73\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u5bf9\u56da\u517b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4ece60\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u52a8\u7269\u653e\u5f52\u5de5\u7a0b\u4ee4\u4fdd\u62a4\u8fd0\u52a8\u58f0\u52bf\u66f4\u76db\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5927\u9006\u8f6c\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u65b0\u68a6\u60f3\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u300020\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6b63\u540d\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u56db\u5927\u6838\u5fc3\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4f11\u95f2\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u79d1\u7814\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e7f\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u8bf8\u591a\u8c03\u67e5\u3001\u8bfb\u8005\u6765\u4fe1\u548c\u62a5\u7eb8\u6587\u7ae0\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u3001\u8bb0\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u89c6\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6839\u672c\u548c\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u8fdc\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u540d\u7b26\u5176\u5b9e\u3002\u5df4\u9ece\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u8d1f\u8d23\u76d1\u7763\u8fd9\u7c7b\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u517d\u533b\u57281991\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u53ea\u670910\uff05\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u771f\u6b63\u884c\u5982\u6240\u8a00\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u7684\u6e38\u56ed\u6d3b\u52a8\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u5b97\u65e8\uff0c\u5927\u4f17\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e5f\u7edd\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4ece\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5230\u7c73\u5362\u65af\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u8c03\u67e5\u663e\u793a\u670980\uff05\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b\u4f461979\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u5374\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6e38\u5ba2\u5c0a\u91cd\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u5982\u5f92\u6b65\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u53d8\u5316\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u548c\u5c55\u793a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u9762\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u52a0\u901f\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u5bbd\u655e\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u5929\u7136\u73af\u5883\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u81f4\u4f7f\u73b0\u5b58\u8bbe\u65bd\u4ee5\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0d\u65ad\u8d2c\u503c\uff0c\u8fc5\u901f\u66f4\u6362\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u52bf\u5728\u5fc5\u884c\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\u3000\u81ea\u7531\u5e7b\u60f3\uff081\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5d2d\u65b0\u5c55\u793a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u52a8\u7269\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u7b3c\u4e2d\u56da\u5f92\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5e45\u81ea\u7531\u81ea\u5728\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6c11\u5fc3\u6240\u5411\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u5974\u5f79\u8c61\u5f81\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6392\u65a5\u3002\u8fd9\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f00\u653e\u4e8e1907\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u76db\u51b5\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\u843d\u6210\u4eea\u5f0f\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e0e\u65e7\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4f9d\u7136\u51b3\u88c2\uff0c\u88ab\u5949\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u89e3\u653e\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u6210\u529f\u4e5f\u582a\u79f0\u5947\u8ff9\uff0c\u597d\u4f3c\u9e21\u7a9d\u91cc\u98de\u51fa\u4e86\u91d1\u51e4\u51f0\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u4ebaJ\u00b7\u4e8e\u96f7\u548cP\u00b7\u83ab\u6717\uff08P\u3002Morand\uff09\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4eba\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u7387\u5148\u6253\u5f00\u7262\u7b3c\u7684\u5584\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u67e5\u9ed8\u65af\u00b7\u7c73\u5207\u5c14\u4e3a1909\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u4eba\u300b\uff08OnAnimalsandMen\uff09\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u5e8f\u8a00\uff1b\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u8339\u6602\uff08Jouan\uff09\u5c06\u4e66\u540d\u6539\u6210\u4e86\u300a\u6ca1\u6709\u680f\u6746\u7684\u7b3c\u5b50\u300b\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u90a3\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5bf9\u6e38\u5ba2\u9887\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d4c\u7269\u601d\u5df1\uff0c\u6cb9\u751f\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u53d7\u5230\u5c18\u4e16\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\u3002\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5e7b\u60f3\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u914d\u666f\u6cd5\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff1a\u6587\u660e\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u90a3\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5bf9\u6e38\u5ba2\u9887\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d4c\u7269\u601d\u5df1\uff0c\u6cb9\u751f\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u53d7\u5230\u5c18\u4e16\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\u3002\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5e7b\u60f3\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u914d\u666f\u6cd5\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff1a\u6587\u660e\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u63a5\u89e6\u81ea\u7136\u91cd\u65b0\u4f53\u5473\u81ea\u7531\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u4ece\u9053\u9053\u94c1\u680f\u4e4b\u540e\u6765\u5230\u4e86\u5f00\u9614\u7684\u5047\u5c71\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6210\u4e86\u65e0\u62d8\u65e0\u675f\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u5e7b\u60f3\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u751f\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e7b\u60f3\u53c8\u88ab\u4fee\u9970\u548c\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6ca1\u6709\u56f4\u680f\u7684\u517d\u7b3c\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u65af\u56fe\u52a0\u7279\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u7a0d\u665a\u4e8e\u54c8\u96f7\uff08Halle\uff09\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u7a0d\u65e9\u4e8e\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5df2\u81fb\u767d\u70ed\u5316\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\uff0c\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u5e0c\u671b\u632f\u5174\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u5f0f\u5c55\u793a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0e\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u95fb\u540d\u9050\u8fe9\u7684\u5f02\u57df\u98ce\u60c5\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u4ece1847\u5e74\u52301911\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u670925\u5bb6\u5efa\u7b51\u516c\u53f8\u627f\u63fd\u4e86\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5927\u7ea640\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u4f46\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u7ecf\u4efb\u4f55\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u4e4b\u624b\u7684\u5047\u5c71\u5374\u4ee4\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9879\u76ee\u9eef\u6de1\u65e0\u5149\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u30001902\u5e74\uff0c\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u5728\u6c49\u5821\u9644\u8fd1\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86\u51e0\u516c\u9877\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4ed6\u5df2\u540d\u626c\u5929\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5373\u5c06\u8d70\u5230\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5c3d\u5934\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u6b7b\u4e8e1913\u5e744\u670814\u65e5\u3002\u5728\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f00\u653e\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u534f\u52a9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u5e03\u5b9c\u8bfa\u65af\u827e\u5229\u65af\u5e02\u7684\u767e\u5e74\u5e86\u5178\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4ed6\u60f3\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u57cb\u85cf\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b55\u751f\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7530\u56ed\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\uff1a\u6d88\u706d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eea\u5668\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u7ec8\u7ed3\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5f52\u7c7b\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u8ba9\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u6a21\u62df\u5929\u7136\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u81ea\u7531\u751f\u606f\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u5730\u7403\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u201d\u3002\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u4ed6\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5229\u7528\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u9a6f\u5316\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u5b83\u4eec\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u598228\u5934\u672c\u8981\u9001\u5f80\u6797\u6797\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u548c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u79d1\u5c3c\u5c9b\u6708\u795e\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u9a6c\u620f\u5267\u573a\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u79cd\u65cf\u5c55\u89c8\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u73ed\u9a6f\u72ee\u5e08\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e2a\u5927\u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u6709\u65e0\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c55\u51fa\u3002\u6c49\u5821\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u65e2\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u81ea1896\u5e74\u7684\u67cf\u6797\u5c55\u793a\u4f1a\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7740\u53e4\u4e3a\u4eca\u7528\uff0c\u501f\u927418\u4e16\u7eaa\u98ce\u666f\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u6c9f\uff08\u6216\u79f0\u9694\u79bb\u6c9f\uff0c\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u53d6\u4ee3\u56f4\u5899\u53ef\u5728\u89c6\u89c9\u4e0a\u878d\u5408\u5468\u8fb9\u533a\u57df\uff09\u6539\u7b3c\u680f\u4e3a\u6c9f\u6e20\uff1a\u4ed6\u5728\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u8058\u8bf7\u7684\u98ce\u666f\u56ed\u6797\u5e08\u5b89\u8d6b\uff08Insch\uff09\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u827a\u7684\u5927\u5e08\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9694\u79bb\u6c9f\u5bbd5\u52306\u7c73\u4e0d\u7b49\uff0c\u5751\u6df1\u5761\u9661\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u903e\u8d8a\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u517d\u7b3c\u3001\u683c\u7a97\u548c\u56f4\u680f\u3002\u6c49\u8bfa\u5a01\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u540e\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6d45\u6c9f\u4e5f\u80fd\u963b\u6b62\u6591\u9a6c\u548c\u888b\u9f20\u9003\u79bb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6c9f\u4e2d\u6ce8\u6c34\uff08\u5982\u7334\u56ed\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u533a\u57df\u4fbf\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u5ea7\u5c0f\u5c9b\uff08\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u914d\u666f\u6cd5\u7684\u7279\u8272\u4e3b\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6ce2\u8328\u5766\u7684\u5b54\u96c0\u5c9b\u4e00\u6837\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u767d\u5170\u5730\u9152\u5546\u56e2\u66fe\u4e8e1888\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u5728\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c9b\u4e0a\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u585e\u745f\u5c9b\uff08Cythera\uff09\u3002\u57281896\u5e74\uff0c\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u745e\u58eb\u96d5\u523b\u5bb6\u57c3\u6839\u65bd\u74e6\u52d2\uff08Eggenschwyler\uff09\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u522b\u51fa\u5fc3\u88c1\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5168\u666f\u56ed\u201d\uff0c\u56ed\u5185\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u4ee5\u6c9f\u6e20\u9694\u754c\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u7740\u5927\u91cf\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u4e00\u7fa4\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u4eba\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e0a\u65b9\u4fef\u77b0\u6b23\u8d4f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5267\u573a\u201d\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4fc4\u56fd\u5973\u6f14\u5458\u7d22\u83f2&#8226\uff1b\u683c\u5e03\u54c8\u7279\uff08SophieGebhardt\uff09\u521b\u5efa\u4e8e\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff081909\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u963f\u6cfd\u5229\u4e4c\u65af\u535a\u58eb\u5728\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u65af\u582a\u68ee\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u751f\u5883\u548c\u690d\u7269\u751f\u6d3b\u5ba4\u5916\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6709\u5f02\u66f2\u540c\u5de5\u4e4b\u5999\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u5929\u7136\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u81ea\u7531\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u72fc\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d1e\u7a74\u4e2d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4ece50\u7c73\u4e4b\u5916\u770b\u53bb\uff0c\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5047\u5c71\u6797\u7acb\uff0c\u4e00\u7247\u571f\u9ec4\uff0c\u4e0d\u7981\u8ba9\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u8d77\u5317\u6b27\u5e73\u539f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u753b\u5bb6\u4eec\u6240\u949f\u7231\u7684\u5730\u8d28\u5047\u8c61\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8d6b\u7f57\u5c3c\u83ab\u65af\u00b7\u535a\u8d6b\uff08HieronymousBosch\uff09\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u84dd\u8272\u591a\u6d1b\u7c73\u8482\u5c71\uff08Dolomites\uff09\u2014\u2014\u5b87\u5b99\u5947\u8ff9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f29\u5f71\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ece\u8352\u51c9\u3001\u795e\u79d8\u3001\u4e0e\u4e16\u9694\u7edd\u7684\u5730\u533a\u91c7\u96c6\u800c\u6765\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3a\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u3001\u5e86\u795d\u96c6\u4f1a\u548c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u589e\u6dfb\u4eae\u8272\u3002\u767b\u5c71\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4f7f\u9a6c\u7279\u6d2a\u5cf0\uff08Matterhorn\uff09\u7684\u5dcd\u5ce8\u5ed3\u5f71\u7efd\u653e\u51fa\u4e86\u65e0\u7a77\u9b45\u529b\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5c71\u7f8a\u56ed\u4eff\u5efa\u4e86\u8fd9\u5ea7\u5c71\u5cf0\uff0c\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u6469\u5f17\u4f26\u7f8a\u5219\u5728\u201c\u963f\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5c71\u8109\u201d\u7684\u9661\u5761\u4e0a\u6b22\u8df3\u96c0\u8dc3\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4f7f\u7528\u5ca9\u77f3\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002J\u00b7\u83ab\u5229\u8bfa\u65af\u4e3a\u5df4\u9ece\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5ca9\u6d1e\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e86\u5e03\u4f26\u68ee\u6797\uff081860\uff09\u3001\u67cf\u6797\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\uff081869\uff09\u3001\u6c49\u8bfa\u5a01\uff081870\uff09\u548c\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\uff081899\uff0c\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7011\u5e03\uff09\u3002\u5728\u79d1\u9686\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u4eec\u4eff\u5236\u4e86\u5c3c\u5b89\u5fb7\u7279\u4eba\u7a74\u5c45\u5c71\u8c37\u7684\u7384\u6b66\u5ca9\u3002\u5728\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\uff0c40000\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u5c71\u4e18\u5bb9\u7eb3\u4e86\u591a\u6837\u666f\u8272\uff1a\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f\u4e00\u6d3e\u5317\u6781\u98ce\u5149\uff0c\u5317\u6781\u718a\u548c\u4f01\u9e45\u5728\u6d82\u6210\u767d\u8272\u7684\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u4e0a\u56db\u5904\u6e38\u8d70\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d64\u9053\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u5185\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u96c6500\u53ea\u6c34\u6816\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u6c60\u5858\uff0c\u65c1\u8fb9\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u7fa4\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5bb6\u56ed\u3002\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5e15\u4f26\u4f2f\u683c\uff08JosephPallenberg\uff09\u626e\u51fa\u4e00\u5e45\u53f2\u524d\u52a8\u7269\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u5de8\u8725\u6a21\u578b\uff1b\u5927\u8c61\u88ab\u83ab\u540d\u5176\u5999\u5730\u653e\u8fdb\u4e86\u6d1e\u7a74\uff08\u5927\u8c61\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u68ee\u6797\u6216\u5927\u8349\u539f\u4e2d\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u663e\u5f97\u571f\u5934\u571f\u8138\uff0c\u7070\u4e0a\u52a0\u7070\uff0c\u6d3b\u50cf\u58c1\u753b\u4e0a\u7684\u731b\u72b8\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u914d\u666f\u6cd5\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u9762\u79ef\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u5362\u74e6\u6cfd\u5c14\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e3a22\u516c\u9877\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5e03\u5229\u8bfa\u7684\u89c4\u5212\u4e2d\uff08\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c3a\u4e3a1\/2250\uff09\uff0c\u5c0f\u5c0f4\u516c\u9877\u7684\u4e00\u7247\u533a\u57df\u88ab\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u5730\u5e26\uff0c1907\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u957f\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u8fb9\u4ec5\u4e3a180\u7c73\u3002\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u662f\u4e2a\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u4e2a\u5927\u5267\u573a\uff0c\u6761\u6761\u6c9f\u6e20\u5c06\u5b83\u8054\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u6280\u5de7\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u7528\u76f4\u7acb\u5ca9\u77f3\u6784\u5efa\u800c\u6210\u7684\u5c55\u793a\u533a\u7528\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5f25\u8865\u4e86\u8868\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u6e38\u5ba2\u4ece\u4e0b\u65b9\u4ef0\u89c6\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4ef0\u89c6\u821e\u53f0\u4e0a\u7684\u6f14\u5458\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u521b\u610f\u81ea\u6b64\u4e4b\u540e\u4fbf\u6d41\u884c\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u5728\u5165\u53e3\u5904\uff0c\u57c3\u6839\u65bd\u74e6\u52d2\u7684\u5e9e\u5927\u91ce\u517d\u96d5\u5851\u8d4b\u4e88\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u5b8f\u4f1f\u611f\uff0c\u76f8\u5f62\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u987f\u663e\u6e3a\u5c0f\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u5747\u4ee5\u8ff7\u9189\u6e38\u5ba2\u4e3a\u5b97\u65e8\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u7ed9\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e9b\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u4e4b\u5904\u2026\u2026\u65b0\u5947\u7f55\u89c1\u4e4b\u5904\u2026\u2026\u524d\u65e0\u53e4\u4eba\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u201d\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u771f\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u53c8\u98ce\u91c7\u5c3d\u73b0\u201d\u5417\uff1f\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c55\u793a\u65b9\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9e\u9f13\u52b1\u4e86\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8ba9\u7334\u5b50\u5728\u5047\u5c71\u4e0a\u5c3d\u60c5\u5b09\u620f\u3002\u5927\u8349\u573a\u4e5f\u5728\u89c6\u89c9\u4e0a\u51cf\u8f7b\u4e86\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u538b\u529b\u3002\u4f46J&#8226\uff1b\u4e8e\u96f7\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u98df\u8089\u52a8\u7269\u4ecd\u88ab\u5173\u5728\u7b3c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u548c\u86c7\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f9d\u7136\u4e00\u7a97\u76f8\u9694\u3002\u5362\u74e6\u6cfd\u5c14\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u88ab\u9501\u5728\u5ca9\u77f3\u4e0a\u7684\u731b\u79bd\u548c\u88ab\u526a\u6389\u4e86\u7fc5\u8180\u7684\u6c34\u9e1f\u3002\u5728\u72ed\u5c0f\u7684\u85cf\u8eab\u6240\u4e2d\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u6cd5\u8f6c\u8eab\u3002\u9a6f\u517d\u5e08\u6ca1\u5b8c\u6ca1\u4e86\u7684\u9a9a\u6270\u4e5f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee4\u5b83\u4eec\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u76f8\u4e92\u653b\u51fb\uff1a\u79df\u7ed9\u5df4\u9ece\u6b96\u6c11\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u7684\u72ee\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fbf\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u6df7\u6218\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5362\u74e6\u6cfd\u5c14\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u636e\u4ed6\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u706b\u70c8\u9e1f\u548c\u77aa\u7f9a\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u662f100\uff05\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5bf9\u65e9\u671f\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u6df1\u4fe1\u4e0d\u7591\u7684\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u62d2\u7edd\u5b89\u88c5\u4f9b\u6696\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u88c5\u5728\u6728\u5236\u755c\u68da\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd0\u8f93\u9014\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u7528\u5904\u4e0d\u5927\u3002\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u7684\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u683c\u00b7\u8d6b\u514b\u548c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5e03\u6717\u514b\u65af\u7684\u5a01\u5ec9&#8226\uff1bT&#8226\uff1b\u970d\u7eb3\u8fea\u7b49\u8001\u6d3e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u957f\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u4fae\u8fb1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u547c\u5524\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u548c\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u4ece\u6e38\u5ba2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u5bbd\u9614\u7684\u6c9f\u6e20\u786e\u5b9e\u4f7f\u517d\u56ed\u663e\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u72ed\u5c0f\u4e86\u3002\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5e03\u5fb7\u5c14\u5bf9\u5047\u5c71\u7684\u201c\u5965\u5999\u201d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c51\u4e00\u987e\u2014\u2014\u8fde\u6765\u81ea\u5e72\u8349\u539f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u5047\u5c71\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u9650\u5236\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u6d4e\u4e8e\u4e8b\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u4eec\u9177\u7231\u6d82\u62b9\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\uff0c\u8fde\u5730\u9762\u548c\u6700\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u7684\u5916\u5c4b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80af\u653e\u8fc7\uff1b\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u529b\u8ba9\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u7684\u4f4f\u5904\u8fdc\u79bb\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u5f00\u6279\u8bc4\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u7684\u9694\u79bb\u6c9f\uff0c\u4f46\u57281934\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b8c\u5584\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u73bb\u7483\u9694\u79bb\u7269\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u56f4\u680f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u907f\u514d\u6e38\u5ba2\u5411\u52a8\u7269\u4e71\u4e22\u6742\u98df\u6216\u5c06\u75be\u75c5\u4f20\u67d3\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5047\u5c71\u4e5f\u662f\u7528\u6728\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u5efa\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7adf\u57281930\u5e74\u8f70\u7136\u5012\u584c\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\u3000\u81ea\u7531\u5e7b\u60f3\uff082\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u53d7\u6e38\u5ba2\u5582\u98df\u7684\u5f15\u8bf1\uff0c\u539a\u76ae\u52a8\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u5fd8\u8bb0\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u88ab\u6c9f\u6e20\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u957f\u9489\u523a\u4f24\uff1b\u52a8\u7269\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u6389\u5165\u6c9f\u5185\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u53d7\u5230\u81f4\u547d\u521b\u4f24\u2014\u2014\u76f4\u52301998\u5e74\uff0c\u91cc\u6602\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8fd8\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7334\u5b50\u6eba\u6b7b\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u60e8\u5267\u3002\u6743\u5a01\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5fb7\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u957f\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\uff08GermanicUnionofZooDirectors\uff09\u5728\u51761935\u5e74\u7684\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u4e0a\u76f4\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff1a\u201c\u8bb0\u8005\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u4eba\u5de5\u5047\u5c71\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6ce8\u610f\u901a\u98ce\uff0c\u5b8c\u5584\u56f4\u5899\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u533a\u7684\u89c4\u5212\u3002\u201d\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5047\u5c71\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5bf9\u536b\u751f\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u7280\u725b\u68da\u6709\u89c4\u6574\u7684\u8fb9\u89d2\u548c\u6d45\u8272\u7684\u74f7\u7816\uff0c\u6253\u626b\u8d77\u6765\u8f83\u4e3a\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u98ce\u683c\u4e5f\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u4e86\u5916\u89c2\u4e0a\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff1a\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5047\u5c71\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u585e\u4f26\u683c\u8482\u5927\u8349\u539f\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u5c71\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e0e\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u53cd\u5dee\u523a\u76ee\uff0c\u6781\u4e0d\u534f\u8c03\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4f2a\u81ea\u7531\u751a\u81f3\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e86\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u4e0a\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u53d1\u660e\u4e86Freianlage\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u517d\u56ed\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u4e0b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\uff1a\u201c\uff07\u52a8\u7269\uff07\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u5883\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8fd8\u539f\u201d\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u201c\u534a\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4e5f\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u534a\u56da\u7981\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u7c73\u5362\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u751f\u606f\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u7528\u8fc7\u201c\u6a21\u62df\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff01\uff08\u96be\u9053\u8fd9\u662f\u53e3\u8bef\uff1f\uff09\u5728\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f00\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u4e8e\u96f7\u5728\u6e38\u56ed\u6307\u5357\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u4e50\u56ed\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff1b\u7956\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08Zukowsky\uff09\u5c06\u4ed6\u6240\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u6709\u5173\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e66\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5929\u5802\u300b\uff08Paradisallemanddesanimaux\uff09\u3002\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\uff0c\u98df\u8349\u517d\u56ed\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4f0a\u7538\u56ed\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd9\u662f\u55bb\u6307\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u82b1\u56ed\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9664\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u7acb\u4f53\u62df\u666f\u827a\u672f\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8fd0\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ece\u5f53\u65f6\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u690d\u76ae\u672f\u4e0a\u83b7\u76ca\u532a\u6d45\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6807\u672c\u586b\u5145\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u9aa8\u9abc\u88ab\u9644\u52a0\u808c\u8089\u548c\u76ae\u80a4\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u4e3a\u6829\u6829\u5982\u751f\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u57281893\u5e74\u7684\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\uff0cG\u00b7\u79d1\u5c14\u7d22\u592b\uff08G\u3002Kolthoff\uff09\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5c55\u73b0\u52a8\u7269\u751f\u6d3b\u5168\u8c8c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u535a\u7269\u9986\u201d\u3002\u7f8e\u6cc9\u5bab\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u516b\u89d2\u4ead\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u7740\u5929\u7136\u751f\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5f53\u4ee3\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u57281930\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u67cf\u6797\uff0c\u753b\u5bb6H\u00b7\u6c83\u683c\u52d2\uff08H\u3002W\u00fcrgler\uff09\u4e0e\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6G\u00b7\u62c9\u666e\u96f7\u514b\uff08G\u3002Ruprecht\uff09\u534f\u529b\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4ee4\u4eba\u8d5e\u53f9\u7684\u903c\u771f\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5df4\u9ece\u535a\u7269\u9986\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u5b83\u201c\u5c18\u571f\u4e50\u56ed\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u5de5\u5382\u201d\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u80dc\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u5c55\u89c8\u9986\uff08GalleryofEvolution\uff09\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e5f\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u6444\u5f71\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8868\u8fbe\u30021863\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5965\u6258\u739b&#8226\uff1b\u5b89\u5e93\u8328\uff08OttomarAnch\u00fctz\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5e03\u96f7\u65af\u52b3\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5feb\u7167\u96c6\uff0c\u4f46\u67d0\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u7b49\u5730\u533a\u5b9e\u5730\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u3002\u5927\u540d\u9f0e\u9f0e\u7684\u730e\u4ebaC&#8226\uff1bG&#8226\uff1b\u8c22\u5c14\u6797\uff08C\u3002G\u3002Schilling\uff09\u4e5f\u66fe\u53d7\u4e00\u5bb6\u67cf\u6797\u6444\u5f71\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u59d4\u6258\u5230\u5e03\u96f7\u65af\u52b3\u62cd\u6444\u52a8\u7269\u7167\u3002\u4e00\u672c\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u56fe\u5bfc\u6e38\u300b\uff08Guideduphotographeanimalier\uff09\u4e8e1905\u5e74\u95ee\u4e16\u3002\u8036\u62ff\u5e02\u7684\u8457\u540d\u8521\u65af\uff08Zeiss\uff09\u7167\u76f8\u673a\u5de5\u5382\u57281925\u5e74\u8d5e\u52a9\u4e86\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5929\u6587\u9986\u3002\u7279\u5199\u955c\u5934\u548c\u5feb\u7167\u7279\u522b\u5bb9\u6613\u8ba9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u663e\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u7f81\u3002\u5362\u8328&#8226\uff1b\u8d6b\u514b\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u300b\uff08Zooenimages\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6444\u5f71\u96c6\u3002\u5728\u5168\u90e8176\u5f20\u7167\u7247\u4e2d\uff0c\u670961\u4e2a\u7279\u5199\u955c\u5934\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u6355\u6349\u7684\uff0c\u670988\u5f20\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5728\u91ce\u5916\u62cd\u6444\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5be5\u5be5\u51e0\u5f20\u9690\u7ea6\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u56da\u517b\u8ff9\u8c61\uff1a\u5927\u591a\u662f\u7c97\u7cd9\u7684\u6728\u680f\u6216\u8001\u65e7\u7684\u56f4\u5899\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u662f\u745e\u5178\u5c0f\u725b\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u9a6f\u517b\u7272\u755c\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f71\u96c6\u4e0d\u58f0\u4e0d\u54cd\u5730\u6df7\u5408\u4e86\u91ce\u751f\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5929\u5730\uff0c\u8d6b\u514b\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u975e\u6d32\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6444\u5f71\u4e16\u5bb6\u591a\u5c14\u5fb7\u65af\uff08Dolders\uff09\u5bb6\u65cf\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540d\u6c14\u6367\u7ea2\u4e86\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u56fe\u96c6\u300b\uff08LeGrandLivreduZoo\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7167\u7247\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5728\u91ce\u5916\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u7535\u5f71\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u98ce\u683c\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u662f\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u3002\u4f5c\u5bb6\u672c\u7279&#8226\uff1b\u535a\u683c\u4e3a\u300a\u6700\u540e\u7684\u72ec\u89d2\u517d\u300b\uff08Derniersunicornes\uff09\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u5267\u672c\uff0c\u8be5\u7247\u6444\u4e8e\u65af\u7279\u6797\u6839\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u843d\u6210\u5178\u793c\u4e5f\u6536\u5f55\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u2026\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c&#8226\uff1b\u54c8\u6839\u8d1d\u514b\u4e3a\u300a\u4e1b\u6797\u4e4b\u864e\u300b\uff08Jungle\u00e0tigres\uff09\u4e00\u7247\u5f55\u5236\u4e86\u97f3\u8f68\u30021920\u5e74\uff0c\u6fd2\u4e34\u7834\u4ea7\u7684\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u901a\u8fc7\u53d8\u8eab\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5f71\u5236\u7247\u5382\u62ef\u6551\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u5b83\u90a318\u7c73\u9ad8\u7684\u5047\u5c71\u548c\u7011\u5e03\u5145\u5f53\u4e86\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5219\u6210\u4e86\u94f6\u5e55\u660e\u661f\uff1a\u8001\u864e\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\uff08Michel\uff09\u51fa\u6f14\u4e86\u300a\u53c2\u5b59\u548c\u8fea\u83b1\u52d2\u300b\uff08SamsonandDelilah\uff09\uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u300a\u5362\u514b\u8389\u897f\u5a05\u00b7\u535a\u5409\u5a05\u300b\uff08LucretiaBorgia\uff0c1923\u5e74\uff09\u4e00\u7247\u7684\u6444\u5236\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u6570\u6b21\u7a81\u88ad\u6444\u5f71\u5e08\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u53ea\u52a8\u7269\u51ef\u6492\uff08Caesar\uff09\u5219\u5e72\u8106\u9003\u4e4b\u592d\u592d\u4e86\u3002\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7535\u5f71\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u6548\u679c\u8fdc\u80dc\u4e8e\u6d77\u62a5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6d77\u62a5\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4e0e\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u7684\u6d77\u62a5\u4e89\u593a\u773c\u7403\uff1a\u540e\u8005\u603b\u662f\u5c55\u73b0\u4e00\u5e45\u64a9\u4eba\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u82cf\u91cc\uff08GustaveSoury\uff09\u6216\u7f57\u838e\u00b7\u535a\u7eb3\u5c14\u62c9\u7740\u9b41\u68a7\u7684\u5927\u8c61\uff0c\u5a01\u6b66\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u731b\u864e\u8ddf\u5728\u5927\u8c61\u8eab\u540e\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6d77\u62a5\u907f\u5f00\u4e86\u4efb\u4f55\u56da\u517b\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u683c\u00b7\u970d\u5c14\u6e29\uff08LudwigHohlwein\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6591\u70b9\u8c79\u548c\u9ed1\u8c79\u7684\u6bdb\u76ae\u4ea4\u76f8\u8f89\u6620\uff0c\u4e24\u53ea\u76ee\u5149\u51f6\u731b\u7684\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u8dc3\u8dc3\u6b32\u8bd5\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u8981\u53d1\u52a8\u653b\u51fb\uff1bO&#8226\uff1b\u9c8d\u59c6\u535a\u683c\uff08O\u3002Baumberger\uff091929\u5e74\u4e3a\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u6d77\u62a5\u5219\u8ba9\u5927\u8c61\u7684\u9b41\u68a7\u8eaf\u4f53\u4e0e\u7c89\u7ea2\u706b\u70c8\u9e1f\u7684\u4f18\u7f8e\u66f2\u7ebf\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u6210\u4e86\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u529b\u91cf\u5185\u6db5\u8d4b \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u7531\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u529b\u91cf\u5185\u6db5\u8d4b\u4e88\u70c8\u9152\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u5564\u9152\u548c\uff081930\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\uff09\u8096\u97e6\uff08Chauvet\uff09\u6717\u59c6\u9152\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5524\u8d77\u4e86\u5df2\u8fd1\u6d88\u4ea1\u7684\u201c\u6b96\u6c11\u201d\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u6728\u9ad3\u592a\u9633\u5e3d\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u53f7\u2460\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\u3000\u81ea\u7136\u6a21\u4eff\uff081\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u65e5\u81fb\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6a21\u4eff\u6210\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4eae\u70b9\u3002\u8499\u7279\u5229\u5c14\u751f\u6001\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4fbf\u518d\u73b0\u4e86\u70ed\u5e26\u548c\u5317\u6781\u6c14\u5019\u3002\u53d7\u5b83\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u9f13\u52b1\uff0c\u795e\u901a\u5e7f\u5927\u7684\u8fea\u58eb\u5c3c\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4f5b\u7f57\u91cc\u8fbe\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u89d2\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u4e3b\u9898\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5987\u5b7a\u7686\u77e5\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4e5f\u6210\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5e7b\u60f3\u827a\u672f\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u63a9\u9970\u91ce\u751f\u7269\u949f\u7684\u6025\u5267\u51cf\u5c11\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6e34\u671b\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u5851\u9020\u4e3a\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9ad8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5374\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u514b\u670d\u7684\u987d\u75c7\u3002\u57fa\u56e0\u8870\u53d8\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u751f\u7406\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u666e\u6c0f\u91ce\u9a6c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4fbf\u662f\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u5c0f\u751f\u5883\u7684\u6620\u886c\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u79bb\u5883\u201d\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u7a98\u6001\u767e\u51fa\uff1b\u968f\u7740\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u201c\u56da\u517b\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u96be\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5927\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u76d1\u5de5\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u30001930\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u8fd1\u4e4e\u5929\u7136\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e3a\u7279\u8272\u7684\u201c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u516c\u56ed\u201d\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u81ea\u7136\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7075\u611f\u6e90\u6cc9\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u56ed\u8fdc\u79bb\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5e7f\u9614\u7a7a\u65f7\uff08\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u516c\u56ed60\u516c\u9877\uff1b\u5efa\u4e8e1928\u5e74\u7684\u8d6b\u62c9\u5e03\u4f26\u516c\u56ed50\u516c\u9877\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u5efa\u5728\u53e4\u57ce\u5821\u7684\u5468\u56f4\uff0c\u5982\u5e03\u6717\u5f17\u96f7\u516c\u56ed\uff08Branf\u00e9r\u00e9Park\uff09\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6c7d\u8f66\u7684\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6210\u4e86\u5468\u672b\u63a2\u9669\u7684\u4e50\u56ed\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8d1d\u5fb7\u798f\u5fb7\u90e1\u7684\u60e0\u666e\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u516c\u56ed\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u516c\u56ed\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u5360\u5730200\u516c\u9877\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4f26\u6566\u897f\u5317\u65b9\uff0c\u53ef\u4e58\u706b\u8f66\u62b5\u8fbe\u3002\u8d1d\u5fb7\u798f\u5fb7\u516c\u7235\u3001\u827e\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u57c3\u5179\u62c9\uff08AlfredEzra\uff09\u548c\u5c24\u5c14\u592b\u4eba\uff08LadyYule\uff09\u7b49\u663e\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u66fe\u5411\u5b83\u6350\u8d60\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u5934\u5370\u5ea6\u5927\u8c61\u662f\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u8d60\u793c\u3002\u5343\u59ff\u767e\u6001\u7684\u9e7f\u7c7b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u751f\u6001\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff1b\u5728\u9e1f\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6ce8\u89c6\u4e0b\uff0c\u56da\u517b\u5c0f\u9e1f\u5f15\u6765\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u8fc1\u5165\u7684\u540c\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u5bb6\u5f00\u653e\u4e8e1931\u5e745\u6708\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4fbf\u5927\u83b7\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u7740\u59cb\u6599\u4e0d\u53ca\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u5927\u6f6e\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u5f97\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6269\u5efa\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u517d\u56ed\u8bbe\u7f6e\u89c4\u6574\u6709\u5e8f\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u5404\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u88ab\u5b89\u63d2\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5316\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1b\u4f46\u60e0\u666e\u5948\u65af\u5fb7\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9886\u5730\u4f3c\u4e4e\u51db\u7136\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6df1\u5165\u8179\u5730\u7684\u5feb\u611f\u3002\uff07\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u4e8e\u60e0\u666e\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u514b\u83b1\u5c14\u516c\u56ed\uff08Cl\u00e8resPark\uff09\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u201c\u56ed\u4e3b\u2026\u2026\u6e34\u671b\u53ea\u9a6f\u5316\u548c\u9972\u517b\u5916\u6765\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u5c06\u79cd\u7fa4\u9694\u79bb\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u3002\u201d\uff07\u4f46\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece\u60e0\u666e\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u90a3\u4ecd\u7136\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53d7\u9650\u7684\u517d\u56ed\u548c\u5927\u8c61\u201c\u7b52\u4ed3\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u6446\u8131\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u516c\u56ed\u5524\u8d77\u4e86\u63a5\u8fd1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u7f8e\u672f\u5bb6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u613f\u671b\u30021911\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u9686\u9524\u70bc\u6210\u624d\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u753b\u5bb6\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u7279&#8226\uff1b\u9ea6\u514b\uff08AugustMacke\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u521b\u4f5c\u4ee5\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u52a8\u7269\u4e3a\u9898\u6750\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u753b\u8272\u5f69\u660e\u8273\uff0c\u7528\u65e0\u9694\u680f\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u7a7a\u95f4\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u4eba\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u9ea6\u514b\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u5bb6\u9910\u5385\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u753b\u4fbf\u5728\u4e00\u6218\u4e2d\u8eab\u4ea1\uff0c\u4f46\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u300a\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u300b\uff08LePetitZoo\uff0c1912\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u5927\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u300b\uff08LeGrandZoo\uff0c\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff09\u548c1913\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u4e09\u5e45\u8054\u753b\u3002\u5728\u745e\u58eb\u753b\u5bb6\u4fdd\u7f57&#8226\uff1b\u514b\u91cc\uff08PaulKlee\uff09\u7684\u6cb9\u753b\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u300b\uff08Zoo\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u6392\u76f8\u6620\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8272\u57df\u88ab\u52a8\u7269\u8c61\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u72ec\u7279\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5bf9\u4e00\u6218\u540e\u7684\u773c\u955c\u86c7\u753b\u6d3e\uff08Copra\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8d85\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u4eba\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u53cd\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9006\u8f6c\u3002\u4e39\u9ea6\u753b\u5bb6\u963f\u65af\u683c&#8226\uff1b\u743c\u6069\uff08AsgerJ&Oslash\uff1brn\uff09\u7528\u300aDiscoursauxpingouins\u300b\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6027\uff08absoluteotherness\uff09\uff0c\u7acb\u610f\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3b\u4e49\u753b\u5bb6\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u4f2f\u4f0a\u65af\uff08JosephBeuys\uff09\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4ee5\u5927\u80c6\u60f3\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u9886\u5730\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u6e17\u900f\u800c\u95fb\u540d\u3002\u57281974\u5e74\uff0c\u4f2f\u4f0a\u65af\u66fe\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u52d2\u5185&#8226\uff1b\u5e03\u6d1b\u514b\u7f8e\u672f\u9986\uff08Ren\u00e9BlockGallery\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u73bb\u7483\u9694\u95f4\u91cc\u4e0e\u4e00\u53ea\u8349\u539f\u72fc\uff08\u67d0\u4e9b\u5317\u7f8e\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u7684\u56fe\u817e\uff09\u5171\u5904\u6570\u65e5\u3002\u4ed6\u68a6\u60f3\u7528\u751f\u547d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5d2d\u65b0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u9738\u6743\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u5f53\u6210\u201c\u6d88\u8d39\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u65b0\u73a9\u7269\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u9972\u517b\u5371\u9669\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4eba\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u969c\u788d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u9886\u5730\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u4f2f\u4f0a\u65af\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5ba3\u626c\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\u5219\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u5356\u70b9\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u201c\u53bb\u63a5\u89e6\u4f60\u7684\u672c\u80fd\uff01\u201d\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u9a6c\u80af\u7279\u5c14\u516c\u56ed\uff08MarquenterrePark\uff09\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\uff1b\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5173\u5728\u7b3c\u4e2d\u7684\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u88ab\u6d1b\u4f26\u8328\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u9006\u8f6c\u7262\u7b3c\u201d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d8\u5f97\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\uff1a\u5728\u4f0a\u666e\u5c14\uff08Ypres\uff09\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u8d1d\u5c14\u74e6\u5fb7\uff08Bellewaerde\uff09\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u4f1a\u4e58\u5750\u5c0f\u8239\u7a7f\u8d8a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eff\u5efa\u4e1b\u6797\u3002\u6e38\u5ba2\u5750\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u4e0a\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\uff09\u6e38\u89c8\u516c\u56ed\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u8d77\u975e\u6d32\u63a2\u9669\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u4eec\u624d\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\u3002\u5df4\u9ece\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5723\u5f17\u5170\uff08Saint\u2026Vrain\uff09\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u76d6\u5c14\u68ee\u57fa\u5174\uff08Gelsenkirche\uff09\u548c\u56fe\u5fb7\u4f26\uff08T\u00fcdderen\uff09\u3001\u8377\u5170\u7684\u963f\u7eb3\u59c6\u548c\u65e5\u672c\uff08\u591a\u6469\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0cTamazoo\uff09\u90fd\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee4\u65e0\u6570\u6e38\u5ba2\u5174\u594b\u4e0d\u5df2\u7684\u6a21\u4eff\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u8be1\u8ba1\u82b1\u62db\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u517d\u7b3c\u548c\u517d\u680f\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u9690\u85cf\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u660e\u663e\u53ef\u89c1\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4ee5\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8457\u79f0\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u9521\u8ba9\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff08AfricanSigeanReserve\uff09\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u51ac\u5b63\u7684\u591c\u95f4\u4f1a\u88ab\u7981\u95ed\u7b3c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u767d\u5929\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5e7f\u88a4\u7684\u975e\u9646\u65f7\u91ce\u4e0a\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u6f2b\u6b65\u7684\u9e35\u9e1f\u548c\u7280\u725b\uff0c\u4f46\u6bd7\u90bb\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u4fbf\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u4e00\u6392\u6392\u94fa\u7740\u6c34\u6ce5\u5730\u677f\u7684\u517d\u56ed\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u5bbd\u655e\u7684\u3002\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7684\u798f\u5854\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u516c\u56ed\uff08FotaWildpark\uff09\u5c061986\u5e74\u4ece\u7eb3\u7c73\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u4e24\u53ea\u8c79\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u517b\u57281442\u81f32613\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u4e0d\u7b49\u7684\u517d\u56ed\u4e2d\u3002\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6bd4\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8fd8\u8981\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff1a\u8d85\u8fc710\u5c81\u7684\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u4e0d\u518d\u9002\u5408\u5c55\u51fa\uff08\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u7684\u8c79\u7c7b\u5b66\u4f1a\u4fbf\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u51e0\u53ea\u88ab\u6dd8\u6c70\u7684\u8c79\u5b50\uff09\uff1b\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0e\u6e38\u5ba2\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u7334\u5b50\u5c06\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u589e\u957f\u8d8a\u53d8\u8d8a\u51f6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u9891\u7e41\u66f4\u6362\u3002\u57281979\u5e74\uff0c\u57c3\u65af\u6cf0\u96f7\u5c14\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\uff08Est\u00e9relSafariPark\uff09\u7528\u5927\u7ea660\u53ea\u5728\u585e\u5185\u52a0\u5c14\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u7334\u5b50\u66ff\u6362\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8001\u524d\u8f88\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5411\u8089\u98df\u52a8\u7269\u63d0\u4f9b\u6d3b\u730e\u7269\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u7360\u7259\u5229\u9f7f\u300b\uff08LaGriffeetladent\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u573a\u9762\u4ee4\u516c\u4f17\u5982\u75f4\u5982\u9189\u3002\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u5e15\u5948\u74e6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff08PanaewaZoo\uff09\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u4eec\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u62db\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u96be\u9898\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u864e\u56ed\u4e2d\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7535\u8111\u9065\u63a7\u7684\u7c98\u571f\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u6e38\u5ba2\u53ef\u4ee5\u64cd\u63a7\u7535\u8111\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u8001\u864e\u201c\u6355\u6349\u201d\u91ce\u5154\u6216\u677e\u9f20\uff08\u7c98\u571f\u5236\uff09\u7684\u573a\u9762\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528\u4e00\u53f0\u7535\u8111\u5c06\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\u6551\u51fa\u864e\u53e3\uff01\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u8fc5\u901f\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6b63\u662f\u4e1c\u5fb7\u4f20\u7edf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u6539\u9020\u8fdb\u7a0b\u884c\u8fd1\u5c3e\u58f0\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002\u4e1c\u5fb7\u7981\u6b62\u5f00\u529e\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5371\u9669\u3001\u865a\u5047\u548c\u4e0d\u536b\u751f\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e1c\u5fb7\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u62e5\u6709\u7387\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u7ecf\u8425\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u5207\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u3002\u51e0\u7247\u68ee\u6797\u88ab\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u91ce\u725b\u4e4b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u83ab\u91cc\u8328\u8d1d\u683c\uff08Moritzburg\uff09\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u897f\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u76db\u540d\u8fdc\u64ad\u7684\u8482\u5c14\u52a0\u85e4\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u4e1c\u67cf\u6797\u5e02\u6c11\u4e8e1954\u5e747\u6708\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u8153\u7279\u70c8\u65af\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u57ce\u5821\uff08FriedrichsfelderCastle\uff09\u521b\u5efa\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u8d1f\u8d23\u8bbe\u8ba1\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u662f\u98ce\u666f\u56ed\u6797\u5e08P\u00b7\u83b1\u5185\uff08P\u3002Lenn\u00e9\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7167\u7247\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u6316\u6c9f\u51ff\u58d1\u7684\u70ed\u95f9\u573a\u9762\uff1b\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u7838\u788e\u4e86\u5c0f\u732a\u5b58\u94b1\u7f50\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6350\u52a9\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e0d\u4f1a\u57281955\u5e74\u5f00\u653e\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e1c\u5fb7\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6df1\u53d7\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u559c\u7231\u3002\u7ea640\u5bb6\u5730\u65b9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u300130\u5bb6\u5927\u578b\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u3001\u51e0\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u535a\u7269\u9986\u300120\u4f59\u4e2a\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\uff08\u5927\u591a\u5728\u5357\u65b9\uff09\u548c4\u4e2a\u4e07\u4eba\u666f\u4ef0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff08\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u3001\u5fb7\u96f7\u65af\u987f\u3001\u54c8\u96f7\u548c\u4e1c\u67cf\u6797\uff09\u6bcf\u5e74\u5171\u8fce\u63a5600\u4e07\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u3002\u5355\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u4fbf\u6709\u7ea630\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u670912\u4f8b\u5c5e\u4e8e\u65e7\u56ed\u9769\u65b0\uff1b1960\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u6709\u5927\u7ea615\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u843d\u6210\uff0c\u6b64\u540e10\u5e74\u4e2d\u67098\u5bb6\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c1980\u5e74\u53c8\u6dfb\u4e00\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u96c7\u7528\u4e86\u4e0d\u8ba1\u5176\u6570\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u7adf\u4f7f\u6b27\u6d32\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u534f\u4f1a\uff08AssociationofEuropeanZoos\uff0cECAZA\uff09\u7684\u6210\u5458\u6570\u91cf\u7ffb\u4e86\u4e00\u500d\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5168\u90fd\u8bbe\u6709\u513f\u7ae5\u533a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd8\u5c55\u51fa\u5fae\u578b\u5316\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5efa\u7b51\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u5de5\u827a\u2014\u2014\u78e8\u574a\u548c\u953b\u7089\u7b49\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u7ea620\u5bb6\u4e13\u5c55\u672c\u571f\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff08\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u516c\u5171\u516c\u56ed\u6216\u690d\u7269\u89c2\u5149\u6e38\u7684\u6cbf\u9014\u533a\u57df\u4e5f\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u672c\u571f\u52a8\u7269\uff09\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u5927\u591a\u6765\u81ea\u5f02\u56fd\u4ed6\u4e61\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\u3000\u81ea\u7136\u6a21\u4eff\uff082\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u30001958\u5e74\uff0c\u8d1d\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u683c\u5179\u6885\u514b\uff08BernhardGrzimek\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u89d2\u8272\uff08\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u4f11\u95f2\u548c\u96c6\u4f1a\uff09\uff0c\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u8fbe\u7279\uff08HeinrichDathe\uff09\u4e5f\u5728\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u7528\u683c\u5179\u6885\u514b\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u201c\u6c11\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6837\u677f\u201d\u548c\u6df1\u9083\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff1b\u5728\u559c\u6b22\u6597\u725b\u548c\u56da\u517b\u6b4c\u9e1f\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4fbf\u5be5\u5be5\u65e0\u51e0\u3002\u201c\u4ee5\u8fa9\u8bc1\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u201d\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5b66\u8bf4\u548c\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5965\u65af\u5766\u57fa\u8bfa\uff08Ostankino\uff09\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d3b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u6574\u4e2a\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u8fdb\u6b65\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4ef7\u503c\u8fde\u57ce\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u201d\uff1b\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8f\u4f1f\u6c14\u6d3e\u7684\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u98ce\u683c\u79d1\u5b66\u5f71\u9662\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9762\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f20\u7edf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u505a\u51fa\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u53bb\u9664\u4e86\u6e38\u5ba2\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u8bbe\u6cd5\u4ee4\u52a8\u7269\u66f4\u52a0\u8212\u9002\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u73bb\u7483\u5d4c\u677f\u6210\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6d77\u6d0b\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u6c60\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u767d\u5929\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u9ed1\u591c\uff08\u4ece\u800c\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u591c\u66f2\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff09\u7684\u7ea2\u5916\u7ebf\u7167\u660e\u8bbe\u5907\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u4ee4\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u7779\u591c\u51fa\u751f\u7269\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728\u79cd\u6709\u9002\u91cf\u690d\u88ab\u7684\u517d\u56ed\u7684\u4e0a\u7a7a\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86\u89c2\u5bdf\u5305\u53a2\u3002\u5e95\u7279\u5f8b\u7684\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u56ed\u6210\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u6977\u6a21\u3002\u57281\u516c\u9877\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u76848\u4e2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u70b9\u7adf\u4f7f\u6e38\u5ba2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u77ed\u77ed6\u30025\u7c73\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u5185\u6b23\u8d4f\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\uff0c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u690d\u7269\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u963b\u6321\u6e38\u5ba2\u7684\u89c6\u7ebf\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u60f3\u51fa\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u82b1\u6837\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u63a2\u9669\u516c\u56ed\u8bd5\u56fe\u91cd\u73b0\u53e4\u6614\u65e7\u8c8c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u5efa\u5728\u53e4\u57ce\u5821\u6216\u8c6a\u534e\u53e4\u5b85\u7684\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u6574\u6539\u5468\u8fb9\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u8ba9\u52a8\u7269\u5404\u5c31\u5404\u4f4d\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u4e4c\u90a6\u5bfa\u5e84\u56ed\u2014\u2014\u8d1d\u5fb7\u798f\u5fb7\u516c\u7235\u548c\u516c\u7235\u592b\u4eba\u7684\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u590d\u6d3b\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5e84\u56ed\u56e0\u66fe\u7ecf\u6536\u96c6\u6fd2\u4e34\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u9e8b\u9e7f\u800c\u9752\u53f2\u7559\u540d\u3002\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u5c06\u9910\u5385\u5efa\u5728\u201c\u4e00\u5ea7\u8001\u5b85\u4e2d\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u7269\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u5ea7\u5386\u53f2\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u56ed\u7ecf\u5e38\u91cd\u6f14\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5a31\u4e50\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8bad\u9e70\u8868\u6f14\uff0c\u6216\u8ba9\uff08\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\uff09\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u4e0e\u4eba\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e0e\u513f\u7ae5\u63a5\u89e6\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u516c\u56ed\uff08\u5982\u8fea\u58eb\u5c3c\u4e50\u56ed\u548cParcAst\u00e9rix\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u5c55\u51fa\u6d77\u8c5a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53d7\u8bad\u52a8\u7269\u6216\u9a6f\u9e7f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u534a\u9a6f\u5316\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5c31\u8fde\u9e35\u9e1f\u548c\u9cc4\u9c7c\u7b49\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u80b2\u79cd\u4e5f\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u655e\u5f00\u4e86\u5927\u95e8\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7528\u4e8e\u5e7f\u544a\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u5728\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8fc5\u901f\u5174\u8d77\u3002\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u65c5\u9986\uff08FrankInn\uff09\u4e8e1969\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5feb\u4e50\u8c37\uff08AmericanHappyValley\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66fe\u4e3a\u65e0\u6570\u90e8\u8457\u540d\u7535\u5f71\u4f9b\u5e94\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u514b\u6d1b\u5fb7\u00b7\u9f50\u8482\uff08ClaudeZidi\uff09\u7684\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u300b\uff08L\u2019Animal\uff0c1976\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u4e3b\u6f14\u300a\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u300b\uff08Alaska\uff09\u7684\u90a3\u5934\u5317\u6781\u718a\u8fdc\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u97e6\u7eb3\uff08MarkWeiner\uff09\u7684\u660e\u661f\u5f1f\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6700\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u751a\u81f3\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5e7b\u60f3\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u65e9\u671f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u5145\u5f53\u70ed\u5e26\u9e1f\u820d\u7684\u6e29\u5ba4\u5df2\u7ecf\u91cd\u73b0\u4e8e\u65b0\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u4e1c\u67cf\u6797\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u827e\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7&#8226\uff1b\u5e03\u96f7\u59c6\u6e29\u5ba4\uff08AlfredBrehmHouse\uff09\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u98de\u8dc3\uff1b11000\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u70ed\u5e26\u5385\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u4e1b\u6797\u690d\u88ab\u548c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff08\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u77a9\u76ee\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4e4b\u5916\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u865a\u62df\u6a21\u4eff\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\uff0c\u771f\u5b9e\u518d\u73b0\u5374\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u201c\u96e8\u6797\u5927\u7329\u7329\u201d\u56ed\u7684\u690d\u7269\u4fbf\u78b0\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4eba\u9020\u6811\u6728\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8499\u7279\u5229\u5c14\u751f\u6001\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\u66fe\u662f1976\u5e74\u5965\u8fd0\u4f1a\u7684\u5ba4\u5185\u81ea\u884c\u8f66\u8d5b\u573a\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e2a\u540d\u526f\u5176\u5b9e\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5178\u8303\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u5c06\u4ece\u201c\u70ed\u5e26\u201d\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7ecf\u7531\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u5723\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u5730\u533a\u201d\u6765\u5230\u201c\u4e24\u6781\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u771f\u6b63\u8fdb\u5165\u9996\u6b21\u6df7\u5408\u4e86\u4e24\u6781\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u51b7\u51bb\u5c55\u533a\u3002\u9986\u4e2d\u7684\u690d\u7269\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9002\u5e94\u5316\u57f9\u80b2\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u6765\u81ea\u8499\u7279\u5229\u5c14\u7684\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u3002\u7cbe\u5fc3\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u8fdb\u53e3\u7269\u79cd\u90fd\u662f\u5177\u6709\u7f8e\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u65e0\u6bd2\u65e0\u5bb3\u4e14\u80fd\u7ecf\u53d7\u52a8\u7269\u88ad\u51fb\u7684\u690d\u7269\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u9020\u6811\u5e72\u548c\u5f02\u56fd\u7269\u79cd\u3002\u4ee4\u6ee1\u8eab\u7070\u5c18\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u66f4\u52a0\u6c61\u6d4a\u4e0d\u582a\u7684\u6e7f\u70ed\u7a7a\u6c14\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u690d\u7269\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8fdc\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u6c14\u5019\uff1b\u770b\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6c34\u4e73\u4ea4\u878d\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u690d\u7269\u6a21\u4eff\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u517d\u7b3c\u548c\u517d\u56ed\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u6027\u690d\u7269\uff08\u800c\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u5c11\u5f97\u53ef\u601c\uff09\uff0c\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u662f\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u89c2\u6d4b\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u7406\u5ff5 \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n \u517d\u7b3c\u548c\u517d\u56ed\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u6027\u690d\u7269\uff08\u800c\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u5c11\u5f97\u53ef\u601c\uff09\uff0c\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u662f\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u89c2\u6d4b\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u6210\u5f62\u4e8e1960~70\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u9762\u5411\u7684\u662f\u613f\u610f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u5b9a\u9650\u5236\u7684\u987e\u5ba2\uff1b\u5728\u5b89\u535a\u585e\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\uff08AmboseliNationalPark\uff09\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u628a45\uff05\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u82b1\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u67d0\u4e00\u53ea\u52a8\u7269\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53bb\u89c2\u89c8\u517d\u7b3c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u540c\u6837\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u4e5f\u8bb8\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u51e0\u5341\u53ea\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u88ab\u7688\u4f9d\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u4f5c\u5bb6P\u00b7\u8339\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08P\u3002Jourde\uff09\u9057\u8d60\u7ed9\u6cd5\u56fd\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08FondationdeFrance\uff09\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u5f17\u96f7\u516c\u56ed\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5e03\u5217\u5854\u5c3c\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u8fdb\u53e3\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u5730\u81ea\u7531\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5b83\u7740\u91cd\u4e8e\u5927\u4f17\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u56ed\u5185\u73af\u5883\u51e0\u8fd1\u5929\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u65e8\u5728\u53f7\u53ec\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u5927\u4e1a\u3002\u89c2\u6d4b\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5929\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u53ea\u662f\u7565\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u662f\u5426\u5982\u6b64\u5462\uff1f\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e0d\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u8bfa\u4e9a\u65b9\u821f\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u30001863\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7\u4f69\u5c14\uff08DavidP\u00e8re\uff09\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u4ee5\u5357\u7684\u4e00\u7247\u5b88\u5907\u68ee\u4e25\u7684\u7687\u5bb6\u5730\u4ea7\u4e0a\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u539f\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5df2\u7ecf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u9e7f\uff1a\u9e8b\u9e7f\u30021894\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u798f\u5fb7\u516c\u7235\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u51e0\u53ea\u9e8b\u9e7f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e5f\u5bf9\u62ef\u6551\u5e78\u5b58\u9e8b\u9e7f\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8d21\u732e\u30021863\u5e74\uff0c\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u6cd5\u5179\u2026\u8d39\u6069\uff08FriedrichFalz\u2026Fein\uff09\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e2a\u4fc4\u56fd\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u4e00\u6837\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u7247\u5e9e\u5927\u9886\u5730\uff08\u65b0\u963f\u65af\u5361\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8bfa\u74e6\uff09\u732e\u7ed9\u4e86\u6fd2\u5371\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e8b\u4e1a\u30021886\u5e74\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u5927\u738b\u5965\u65af\u6c40\u00b7\u79d1\u5c14\u5bbe\uff08AustinCorbin\uff09\u4e5f\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u957f\u5c9b\u6177\u6168\u6350\u5730\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u91ce\u725b\u7684\u9669\u5883\u4fc3\u4f7f\u53f2\u5bc6\u68ee\u5b66\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u52aa\u529b\u4fdd\u62a4\u8fd9\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u516c\u56ed\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u6b64\u800c\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u9ec4\u77f3\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u582a\u79f0\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u521b\u4e3e\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c1933\u5e74\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u516c\u56ed\u4f26\u6566\u516c\u7ea6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u51fa\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u975e\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5f53\u5c40\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5411\u6e38\u5ba2\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u5982\u5580\u683c\u62c9\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff08Kagera\uff0c1934\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u50cf\u52a0\u62c9\u59c6\u5df4\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\uff08GarambaNationalPark\uff0c1938\u5e74\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u5c01\u95ed\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6b63\u5982J\u00b7N\u00b7\u5e0c\u68ee\uff08J\u3002N\u3002Hyson\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u8ba9\u8bb8\u591a\uff07\u7f8e\u56fd\uff07\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u70ed\u5fc3\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u73af\u4fdd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u201d\u4ece1962\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u80b2\u79cd\u573a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u534f\u4f5c\uff081964\u5e74\u7684\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u4f1a\u548c1966\u5e74\u7684\u5723\u8fed\u6208\u5927\u4f1a\uff09\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u627c\u5236\u52a8\u7269\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u903c\u771f\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u4f7f\u4f26\u6566\u7279\u79d1\u987f\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u5f00\u59cb\u51cf\u5f31\uff0c\u96c6\u56e2\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u79d1\uff08CharlesCoe\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u50cf\u8d39\u57ce\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u65e0\u83cc\u201c\u4ea7\u79d1\u5957\u623f\u201d\u5f0f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u843d\u4f0d\u3002\u5fb7\u65af\u8499\u5fb7&#8226\uff1b\u83ab\u91cc\u65af\u4fbf\u516c\u5f00\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u201c\u53ef\u803b\u7684\u88f8\u4f53\u517d\u7b3c\u201d\u30021958\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u6d3b\u62df\u666f\u201d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5c55\u89c8\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e86\u6c83\u601d\u5821\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff08FortWorthZoo\uff09\uff0c\u4eea\u5668\u6a21\u62df\u51fa\u7684\u6fc0\u96e8\u96f7\u9e23\u7ed9\u4eba\u4e00\u79cd\u8eab\u4e34\u5176\u5883\u7684\u5e7b\u89c9\u3002\u4e9a\u5229\u6851\u90a3\u7684\u7d22\u8bfa\u62c9\u6c99\u6f20\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff08SonoraDesertMuseum\uff09\u4eff\u5efa\u4e86\u5c55\u51fa\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6c99\u6f20\u5929\u7136\u751f\u5883\uff1b\u8fea\u58eb\u5c3c\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u6c99\u6f20\u5947\u89c2\u300b\uff08LivingDesert\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u3002\u57281999\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8bc4\u8bba\u8bf4\u5e03\u6717\u514b\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u521a\u679c\u5927\u7329\u7329\u68ee\u6797\u201c\u8fce\u5408\u4e86\uff07\u6e38\u5ba2\u7684\uff07\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u8428\u9ed8\uff08RobertSommer\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u6279\u5224\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f2a\u9970\u8be1\u8ba1\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u540c\u5fc3\u73af\u5883\u4f26\u7406\u300b\uff08HomocentricEnvironmentalEthicsinZoos\uff09\u5374\u5927\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\u3000\u81ea\u7136\u6a21\u4eff\uff083\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u30001945\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8bfa\u4e9a\u65b9\u821f\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u6210\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u65b0\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u626e\u6f14\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u89d2\u8272\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u6700\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c31\u662f\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002\u9e1f\u513f\u7684\u7fc5\u8180\u5e38\u88ab\u622a\u9664\uff0c\u50cf\u7c89\u7ea2\u706b\u70c8\u9e1f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6d89\u6c34\u9e1f\u53cc\u8db3\u8d1f\u62c5\u8fc7\u91cd\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u9aa8\u6298\uff0c\u5f53\u652f\u6491\u7269\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9e1f\u5599\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f62\u3002\u5927\u8c61\u4e5f\u6df1\u53d7\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u82e6\uff1b\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5df2\u7ecf\u5141\u8bb8\u9664\u53bb\u5927\u8c61\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u94fe\u7d22\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u591c\u95f4\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8981\u60f3\u8ba9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6700\u7ec8\u56de\u5f52\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u969c\u788d\u5728\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u751f\u547d\u671f\u7684\u7f29\u77ed\u3002\u9ad8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u66f4\u65b0\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u6620\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5e74\u9274\u300b\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u60e0\u666e\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u66f4\u65b0\u7387\u90fd\u662f1\/5\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u6b21\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u6d4b\u7b97\uff0c\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u5e74\u66f4\u65b0\u7387\u5927\u7ea6\u4e3a17\uff05\u3002P&#8226\uff1b\u5df4\u817e\u57281974\u5e741\u6708\u81f35\u6708\u4e4b\u95f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u4e863000\u4f59\u5f20\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u66f4\u65b0\u7387\u63a5\u8fd11\/4\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u505c\u6b62\u52a8\u7269\u4f9b\u5e944~6\u5e74\u4fbf\u53ef\u8feb\u4f7f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5173\u95e8\u5927\u5409\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4f1a\u8ba9\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u5269\u51e0\u53ea\u8001\u5bff\u661f\u53ef\u5c55\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u5bf91951\u30011960\u30011970\u30011975\u548c1980\u5e74\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u52a8\u7269\u5b58\u6d3b\u671f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u72b6\u51b5\u5728\u8fd930\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u30021985\u5e74\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e0e1839\u5e74\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u76f8\u5f53\u63a5\u8fd1\u3002\u9664\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5be5\u5be5\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u5165\u56ed\u540e\u7684\u593418\u4e2a\u6708\u5185\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c45\u9ad8\u4e0d\u4e0b\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u5de5\u6388\u7cbe\u7e41\u6b96\u51fa\u7684\u5927\u718a\u732b\u53ea\u670921\uff05\u80fd\u591f\u6d3b\u52303\u5c81\u3002\u6d77\u6d0b\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u77ed\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e86\u5b98\u65b9\u7814\u7a76\u8bfe\u9898\uff1a\u91ce\u751f\u9f20\u6d77\u8c5a\u53ef\u6d3b30\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u4f46\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7684\u9f20\u6d77\u8c5a\u53ea\u670914\u5e74\u7684\u5bff\u547d\uff1b\u6d77\u8c5a\u7684\u751f\u547d\u671f\u4e5f\u88ab\u56da\u517b\u751f\u6d3b\u7f29\u77ed\u4e8630\u5e74\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7edf\u8ba1\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u8003\u8651\u5728\u5185\uff1a\u5df4\u9ece\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u57281976\u5e74\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u7c7b\u9f3b\u75bd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u65f6\u5df2\u665a\uff0c\u9664\u60a3\u75c5\u52a8\u7269\u5168\u90e8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e24\u540d\u9972\u517b\u5458\u4e0d\u5e78\u4e27\u751f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u81f3\u4e8e\u8865\u5145\u6027\u7684\u56da\u517b\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u5404\u5bb6\u89c2\u70b9\u83ab\u8877\u4e00\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u76f8\u4fe1\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u6ca1\u6709\u751f\u80b2\u610f\u613f\uff1b\u5362\u74e6\u6cfd\u5c14\u53d1\u73b016\u4e16\u7eaa\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u80ae\u810f\u517d\u623f\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4f26\u6566\u5854\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u4ea4\u914d\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u8bc1\u660e\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u5e76\u4e0d\u8bf4\u660e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002\u4e0e\u4e4b\u622a\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u662f\u5f53\u4eca\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u65af&#8226\uff1b\u8d39\u5e0c\u5c14\uff08JamesFisher\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u8001\u864e\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u63a5\u53d7\u7b3c\u4e2d\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u5728\u7b3c\u4e2d\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u201d\uff09\u7b49\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u798f\u5854\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u6240\u6301\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u90fd\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u7387\uff0c\u4f46\u72ee\u5b50\uff08\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4f1a\u9650\u5236\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\uff09\u7684\u751f\u80b2\u80fd\u529b\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6e29\u68ee\u65af\u52a8\u7269\u56edISIS\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff081991~92\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u7ea6\u670920\uff05\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c48\uff05\u7684\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u5065\u5eb7\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u4f46\u7ea6\u670961\uff05\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u300141\uff05\u7684\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u8fd1\u4e4e100\uff05\u7684\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u5f88\u96be\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e2d\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6027\u6b32\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u70e6\u8e81\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u4e27\u5931\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5931\u5e38\u3002\u56da\u517b\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u4e0d\u518d\u9075\u4ece\u5b63\u8282\u89c4\u5f8b\uff1a\u670960\uff05\u7684\u56da\u517b\u666e\u6c0f\u91ce\u9a6c\u662f\u57289\u6708\u51fa\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7ea620\uff05\u751f\u4e8e12\u6708\uff0c\u4f46\u91ce\u751f\u666e\u6c0f\u91ce\u9a6c\u53ea\u5728\u521d\u590f\u751f\u80b2\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4ea7\u4e8e\u521d\u51ac\u7684\u5e7c\u5d3d\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b58\u6d3b\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fc7\u65e9\u4ea4\u914d\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u666e\u904d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u56da\u517b\u7e41\u6b96\u51e0\u4e4e\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4\u52a8\u7269\u9a6f\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f1a\u5de9\u56fa\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u56da\u517b\u9002\u5e94\u503e\u5411\uff1b\u5728\u6709\u8e44\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u4ee5\u80be\u4e0a\u817a\u7d20\u5206\u6ccc\u91cf\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u2014\u2014\u5728\u91ce\u751f\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u51cf\u5f31\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u808c\u8089\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u529b\u9003\u8131\u98df\u8089\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8ffd\u51fb\u3002\u57fa\u56e0\u8870\u53d8\u540c\u6837\u53f8\u7a7a\u89c1\u60ef\u3002\u6839\u636e\u683c\u6717\u9053\u5c14\uff08Grandall\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u53ea\u8c79\u957f\u7740\u4e00\u5f20\u725b\u5934\u72ac\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u201c\u51f9\u8138\u201d\uff0c\u722a\u5b50\u4e5f\u77ed\u4e8e\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u8c79\uff1b\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd1\u4eb2\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u5e7c\u5e74\u592d\u6298\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u53d8\u5f62\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u4fbf\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u98de\u884c\u53d7\u9650\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u673a\u4f53\uff1b\u80a5\u80d6\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u9aa8\u9abc\u3001\u5668\u5b98\u548c\u7fbd\u6bdb\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u626d\u66f2\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u201c\u56da\u517b\u9e1f\u7684\u5916\u5f62\u4e0e\u91ce\u751f\u9e1f\u7684\u5916\u5f62\u53ea\u662f\u5076\u5c14\u76f8\u4f3c\u201d\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\u9e73\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u8fc1\u5f99\u4e60\u60ef\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u88ab\u6253\u4e71\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u53ea\u5ef6\u8fdf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u9e73\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u6076\u6027\u5faa\u73af\uff1b\u534a\u9a6f\u5316\u9e73\u7684\u56de\u8fc1\u65f6\u95f4\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u65e9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f1a\u5728\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7b51\u5de2\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u56da\u517b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f31\u5316\u6216\u627c\u6740\u7684\u662f\u9632\u5fa1\u672c\u80fd\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7626\u6865\u9e1f\u7c7b\u516c\u56ed\uff08Slimbridge\uff09\u6210\u529f\u9972\u517b\u7684\u9ec4\u9888\u9ed1\u96c1\uff08\u6216\u79f0\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u96c1\uff09\u521a\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\u5373\u88ab\u63a0\u98df\u52a8\u7269\u6355\u6740\u6b86\u5c3d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u8bb8\u591a\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u4f1a\u60a3\u4e0a\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u65e9\u5df2\u4e0d\u662f\u79d8\u5bc6\u3002\u798f\u697c\u62dc\u5728\u300a\u8428\u6717\u6ce2\u300b\uff08Salammb&ocirc\uff1b\uff09\u4e2d\u63cf\u5199\u4e86\u201c\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u65e0\u5c3d\u5f77\u5fa8\u201d\uff0c\u96f7\u5185\u00b7\u739b\u4e3d\u4e9a\u00b7\u91cc\u514b\uff08RainerMariaRilke\uff09\u5728\u201c\u8c79\uff08LaPanth\u00e8re\uff09\u201d\u4e00\u8bd7\u4e2d\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8df3\u8dc3\u3001\u731b\u6251\u3001\u81f4\u793c\u3001\u65e0\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u8e29\u8e0f\u9053\u8def\u7b49\u6a21\u5f0f\u5316\u52a8\u4f5c\u9891\u7e41\u5230\u4e86\u8db3\u4ee5\u4ee4\u80a2\u7ffc\u53d8\u5f62\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8001\u5e74\u75c5\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f17\u6717\u7d22\u74e6\u00b7\u5e03\u5229\u57c3\uff08FrancoisBourli\u00e8re\uff09\u5728\u65af\u56fe\u52a0\u7279\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u7075\u957f\u56ed\u548c\u5317\u6781\u718a\u56ed\u4e2d\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5f53\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u75c7\u72b6\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\uff0c\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u9a6c\u683c\u798f\u7279\uff08RogerMugford\uff09\u4e5f\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9891\u7387\u548c\u53d8\u5316\uff08\u57281989\u5e74\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u5c0676\uff05\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7528\u5728\u4e86\u6a21\u5f0f\u5316\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0a\uff0c1992\u5e74\u4e3a67\uff05\uff09\u3002\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d88\u9063\u884c\u4e3a\t\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u80fd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8377\u5c14\u8499\u5206\u6ccc\uff0c\u7f13\u89e3\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7126\u8651\u3002\u4ea8\u5229&#8226\uff1b\u57c3\u4f26\u4f2f\u683c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6bd4\u8f83\u662f\u5426\u5408\u7406\u4ecd\u6709\u5f85\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6027\u573a\u6240\u90fd\u80fd\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u201c\u56e0\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5f85\u5728\u5c01\u95ed\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u53d8\u6001\u5fc3\u7406\u201d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u52a8\u7269\u82b1\u56ed\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u76d1\u72f1\u56da\u72af\u548c\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u75c5\u72b6\u9891\u7387\u548c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u533b\u751f\u4eec\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u9664\u4e86\u6a21\u5f0f\u5316\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u6027\u53d8\u6001\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e71\u5403\u7caa\u4fbf\u548c\u94c1\u7b3c\u4e0a\u7684\u6cb9\u6f06\u4e5f\u662f\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u75c5\u72b6\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u81f4\u75c5\u56e0\u7d20\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5982\u517d\u7b3c\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u4f46\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7eb7\u7e41\u5e7f\u6742\uff0c\u5404\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u4ecd\u7136\u592a\u8fc7\u6563\u4e71\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5224\u660e\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5e38\u72b6\u6001\u6709\u591a\u5927\u7684\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u2014\u2014\u7528\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u97e6\u79d1\u5c14\uff08HenryVercors\uff09\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d8\u5f97\u201c\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u201d\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u8f6c\u79fb\u6cd5\u6210\u4e86\u8ba9\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u56de\u5f52\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5728\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u68ee\u6797\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u718a\u88ab\u8fd0\u5230\u4e86\u6bd4\u5229\u725b\u65af\u5c71\u8109\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u66fe\u7ecf\u6709\u4e00\u5934\u8fc1\u5165\u6bcd\u718a\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6700\u540e\u6b7b\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u730e\u4eba\u7684\u67aa\u53e3\u4e0b\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u4e4b\u68a6\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5f53\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7aed\u5c3d\u5168\u529b\u5730\u514b\u670d\u7740\u56da\u517b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5185\u5728\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u6fd2\u5371\u7269\u79cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f00\u59cb\u663e\u73b0\u5a01\u529b\u3002\u6709\u8bc6\u4e4b\u58eb\u529b\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\u9014\u5f84\u904f\u5236\u91ce\u751f\u7269\u79cd\u706d\u7edd\u7387\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\uff0850\u5e74\u5185\u706d\u7edd1\/3\uff09\u30021973~75\u5e74\u7684\u534e\u76db\u987f\u690d\u7269\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u6fd2\u5371\u7269\u79cd\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u516c\u7ea6\uff08ConventiononInternationalTradeofEndangeredSpeciesofFaunaandFlora\uff0cCITES\uff09\u5728\u4e09\u4efd\u9644\u5f55\u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u7981\u6b62\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6548\u679c\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u98de\u8dc3\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u57281974\u5e74\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\uff07\u300a\u5b98\u65b9\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\uff08Journalofficiel\uff09\uff0c11\u670823\u65e5\uff07\uff09\u88abJ&#8226\uff1bV&#8226\uff1b\u591a\u9a6c\u5170\u89c6\u4f5c\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u5883\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u52a8\u7269\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5c31\u662f\u86c7\u7684\u5934\u53f7\u5929\u654c\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u957f\u4eec\u7ec4\u4f1a\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u6295\u8eab\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e8b\u4e1a\u30021967\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u957f\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\uff08InternationalUnionofZooDirectors\uff0cIUDZG\uff09\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u81ea\u7136\u53ca\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u4fdd\u62a4\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\uff08InternationalUnionfortheConservationofNatureanditsResources\uff0cIUCN\uff09\u7ed3\u4e3a\u540c\u76df\u3002IUCN\u66fe\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u7ea2\u8272\u6570\u636e\u300b\uff08RedBooks\uff09\u3001\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u8840\u7edf\u7c3f\u300b\uff08Studbooks\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u6fd2\u5371\u7269\u79cd\u8bc4\u6d4b\u548c\u4e13\u8bba\uff08\u91ce\u725b\uff0c1932\u5e74\uff1b\u9e8b\u9e7f\uff0c1957\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u5efa\u8bbe\u5173\u5fc3\u5907\u81f3\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u56da\u517b\u5de5\u7a0b\uff08\u56da\u517b\u4e13\u5bb6\u96c6\u56e2\uff0cCaptiveBreedingSpecialistGroup\uff0cCBSG\uff09\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u540d\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u957f\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u3002IUCN\u4e0e\u5546\u7528\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u8d38\u6613\u8d44\u6599\u5206\u6790\u7f51\uff08TradeRecordAnalysisofFaunaandFlorainmerce\uff0cTRAFFIC\uff09\u4e5f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c1973\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u7531\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u73af\u5883\u5de5\u7a0b\uff08PNUE\uff09\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u534e\u76db\u987f\u516c\u7ea6\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u4e3e\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002
\n
\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc7\u3000\u5411\u5f80\u81ea\u7136\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\u3000\u81ea\u7136\u6a21\u4eff\uff084\uff09
\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u534f\u4f1a\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6fd2\u5371\u7269\u79cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4eec\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4e5f\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u7248\u672c\u7684\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u8840\u7edf\u7c3f\u300b\uff0c\u5305\u62ecH\u00b7G\u00b7\u514b\u52b3\u65af\uff08H\u3002G\u3002Kl&ouml\uff1bs\uff09\u7684\u9ed1\u8272\u548c\u767d\u8272\u7280\u725b\u8840\u7edf\u7c3f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u592a\u8fc7\u6d3b\u8dc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u4e86\u56da\u517b\u5de5\u7a0b\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\u2026\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u8ba1\u5212\uff08EEP\u548cSSP\uff09\u5c24\u5176\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u5185\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u56da\u517b\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u8be5\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u5feb\u5730\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4ece\u91ce\u751f\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u62ef\u6551\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u201c\u5728100\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u4fdd\u4f4f\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u57fa\u56e0\u6c6090\uff05\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6742\u5408\u6027\uff07\u57fa\u56e0\u6f5c\u80fd\uff07\u201d\u3002\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u5927\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u5c06\u4e00\u79cd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c8c\u5c8c\u53ef\u5371\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u79fb\u51fa\u91ce\u751f\u4e16\u754c\u663e\u7136\u6709\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b83\u5f7b\u5e95\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5929\u5730\u7cbe\u534e\u7684\u54fa\u80b2\uff0c\u56da\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u9003\u8131\u57fa\u56e0\u8870\u53d8\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u6000\u7591\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6bd4\u95ee\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u8fd8\u8981\u7cdf\u7cd5\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u30021967\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u8840\u7edf\u7c3f\u300b\u53ea\u5305\u542b4\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\uff0c1980\u5e74\u662f20\u4e2a\uff0c1996\u5e74\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7130\u4e2a\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf470~80\uff05\u7684\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u5728\u767b\u8bb0\u4e4b\u5217\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4f55\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0a\u4e07\u79cd\u6fd2\u5371\u52a8\u7269\uff1f\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5728172\u79cd\u51e0\u8fd1\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u53ea\u80fd\u4fdd\u62a43\uff05\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u76840\u300200017\uff05\u3002\u82e5\u7ec6\u8c08\u4e9a\u79cd\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u9009\u62e9\u66f4\u662f\u96be\u6bd4\u767b\u5929\uff1a\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684500\u79cd\u8001\u864e\u4e2d\uff0c\u670940\uff05\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4e9a\u79cd\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7686\u4e3a\u6df7\u79cd\u2014\u2014\u54ea\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e94\u8be5\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\uff1f\u518d\u6765\u770b\u770b\u7a7a\u95f4\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6839\u636eU\u00b7S\u00b7\u897f\u5c14\uff08U\u3002S\u3002Seal\uff09\u57281991\u5e74\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728200\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u6839\u636eISIS\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff09\u5168\u90e8\u7528\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u81f3 \n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n 1\u5e74\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5728200\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u6839\u636eISIS\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff09\u5168\u90e8\u7528\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u81f3\u591a\u80fd\u591f\u62ef\u65512000\u4e2a\u6fd2\u5371\u7269\u79cd\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u56da\u517b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4e5f\u8fd1\u4e4e\u5929\u6587\u6570\u5b57\uff1a\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u9009\u51fa2000\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u6536\u517b500\u53ea\uff0c\u7528\u4f4e\u4e8e\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9972\u517b\u6210\u672c\uff08\u6bcf\u53ea\u970d\u52a0\u72d3\u4e3a625\u82f1\u9551\uff09\u517b\u4e0a30\u5e74\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u82b1\u8d39250\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u7528\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u7684\u94b1\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u9001\u4e0a\u6708\u7403\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u5728\u300a\u884c\u52a8\u8ba1\u5212\u300b\uff08ActionPlans\uff09\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684418\u79cd\u6fd2\u5371\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u670919\u79cd\u662f\u51c6\u5907\u653e\u5f52\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5367\u9f99\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff08Wolong\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5f20\u6cb3\u6c11\uff08\u97f3\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\uff08ChinaDaily\uff09\u4e0a\u5766\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u9972\u517b\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u7684\u5927\u718a\u732b\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ee5\u540e\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u5904\u7406\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u201d\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u4e9b\u6210\u529f\u7684\u653e\u5f52\u884c\u52a8\u6216\u8bb8\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5bfb\u627e\u65b0\u51fa\u8def\u6709\u6240\u542f\u53d1\u3002\u6709\u4e24\u53ea\u6b27\u6d32\u91ce\u725b\u5d3d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u724780\u516c\u9877\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c31\u5728\u517b\u5927\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6ce2\u5170\u519c\u573a\u9644\u8fd1\u30021992\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u5c0639\u53ea\u56da\u517b\u79c3\u9e6b\u4e2d\u76848\u53ea\u653e\u5f52\u84dd\u5929\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67097\u53ea\u57281993\u5e74\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u6d3b\u65e0\u6059\u3002\u4e00\u9879\u6700\u521d\u4e00\u8d25\u6d82\u5730\u7684\u91d1\u8272\u7ee2\u6bdb\u7334\u653e\u5f52\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6700\u7ec8\u57281976~84\u5e74\u95f4\u83b7\u5f97\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6e10\u8fdb\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7334\u5b50\u5df2\u7ecf\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u91ce\u5916\u751f\u6d3b\u30021950\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u56e0\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6355\u730e\u800c\u6025\u5267\u51cf\u5c11\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u7f9a\u7f8a\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5de5\u7a0b\u5219\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u652f\u6301\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u7f9a\u7f8a\u57281962\u5e74\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u4e8612\u5bb6\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\uff08\u6700\u521d\u662f3\u5bb6\uff09\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u6536\u85cf\u8005\uff0c1980\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8fc1\u5165\u4e8625000\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u7684Jiddatal\u2026Harassis\u6c99\u6f20\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0b\u8301\u58ee\u6210\u957f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\n\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000IUCN\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u4f8b\u5916\uff09\u4e4b\u540e\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u907f\u514d\u57fa\u56e0\u8870\u53d8\uff0c\u539f\u59cb\u751f\u5883\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u56da\u517b\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u77ed\u671f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6240\u6709\u7684\u56da\u517b\u5de5\u7a0b\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u653e\u5f52\u5de5\u7a0b\u8003\u8651\u5728\u5185\u3002\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8131\u79bb\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u2026\u690d\u7269\u7fa4\u2026\u751f\u5883\uff08Fauna\u2026Flora\u2026Habita\uff0cFFH\uff09\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u5404\u79cd\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u52a8\u7269\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4fdd\u62a4\u91ce\u5730\u51e0\u4e4e\u80af\u5b9a\u80fd\u62ef\u6551\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u690d\u7269\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e0d\u5728\u6fd2\u5371\u7269\u79cd\u4e4b\u5217\u7684\u6606\u866b\u3002\u5c11\u6570\u673a\u6784\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u5df2\u7ecf\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u963b\u6b62\u6d2a\u6c34\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6253\u9020\u50cf\u592a\u7a7a\u8239\u4e00\u6837\u6602\u8d35\u800c\u53c8\u865a\u65e0\u7f25\u7f08\u7684\u8bfa\u4e9a\u65b9\u821f\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7136\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08WorldWideFundforNature\uff0cWWF\uff09\u5728\u539f\u5730\u539f\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u9a6c\u8fbe\u52a0\u65af\u52a0\u72d0\u7334\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5df4\u9ece\u535a\u7269\u9986\u548cJ\u00b7\u2026J\u00b7\u5f7c\u5f97\uff08J\u3002\u2026J\u3002Petter\uff09\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4e3a\u9ed1\u89d2\uff08Pointe\u2026Noire\uff09\u653e\u5f52\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4ee3\u517b\u4e86\u4e00\u53ea\u7334\u5b50\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u5d2d\u65b0\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ecd\u9c9c\u6709\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u4f3c\u4e4e\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u53e6\u8f9f\u65b0\u5f84\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u201c\u8d85\u8d8a\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u201d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u626e\u6f14\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u653e\u5f52\u7cfb\u7edf\u7f14\u7ed3\u66f4\u4e3a\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u7ebd\u5e26\u2014\u2014\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ecd\u5c11\u4e4b\u53c8\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5927\u591a\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002\u7b80&#8226\uff1b\u53e4\u591a\u5c14\u4e3a\u7334\u7c7b\u4fdd\u62a4\u6811\u7acb\u4e86\u699c\u6837\u3002\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684D\u3002\u897f\u5fb7\u5c14\uff08D\u3002Siddle\uff09\u3001S\u00b7\u897f\u5fb7\u5c14\uff08S\u3002Siddle\uff09\u548c\u82cf\u95e8\u7b54\u814a\u7684\u57c3\u592b\u6797\u5bb6\u65cf\uff08Avelings\uff09\u5c06\u6765\u81ea\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u6216\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u53d7\u4f24\u52a8\u7269\u7167\u6599\u75ca\u6108\u540e\u653e\u5f52\u81ea\u7136\u30021996\u5e74\uff0cHabitatEcologiqueetLibert\u00e9desPrimates\uff08HELP\uff09\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u521a\u679c\u6797\u4e1a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u76847\u53ea\u56da\u517b\u5c0f\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u9001\u56de\u4e86\u4e1b\u6797\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u521a\u679c\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u5b54\u5938\u63d0\u5c9b\uff08ConkouatiIslands\uff09\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535\u9879\u5708\u8ffd\u8e2a\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53d1\u73b0\u6bcd\u7329\u7329\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u91ce\u751f\u7fa4\u843d\u7684\u878d\u6d3d\u7a0b\u5ea6\u80dc\u8fc7\u96c4\u7329\u7329\u3002\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
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